BACKGROUND: The present study aims to study the effects of biofertilizers potential of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (B. japonicum) strains on yield and growth of drought stressed soybean (Giza 111) plants at early pod stage (50 days from sowing, R3) and seed development stage (90 days from sowing, R5). RESULTS: Highest plant biomass, leaf chlorophyll content, nodulation, and grain yield were observed in the unstressed plants as compared with water stressed-plants at R3 and R5 stages. At soil rhizosphere level, AMF and B. japonicum treatments improved bacterial counts and the activities of the enzymes (dehydrogenase and phosphatase) under well-watered and drought stress conditions. Irrespective of the drought effects, AMF and B. japonicum treatments improved the growth and yield of soybean under both drought (restrained irrigation) and adequately-watered conditions as compared with untreated plants. The current study revealed that AMF and B. japonicum improved catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in the seeds, and a reverse trend was observed in case of malonaldehyde (MDA) and proline under drought stress. The relative expression of the CAT and POD genes was up-regulated by the application of biofertilizers treatments under drought stress condition. Interestingly a reverse trend was observed in the case of the relative expression of the genes involved in the proline metabolism such as P5CS, P5CR, PDH, and P5CDH under the same conditions. The present study suggests that biofertilizers diminished the inhibitory effect of drought stress on cell development and resulted in a shorter time for DNA accumulation and the cycle of cell division. There were notable changes in the activities of enzymes involved in the secondary metabolism and expression levels of GmSPS1, GmSuSy, and GmC-INV in the plants treated with biofertilizers and exposed to the drought stress at both R3 and R5 stages. These changes in the activities of secondary metabolism and their transcriptional levels caused by biofertilizers may contribute to increasing soybean tolerance to drought stress. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that application of biofertilizers to soybean plants is a promising approach to alleviate drought stress effects on growth performance of soybean plants. The integrated application of biofertilizers may help to obtain improved resilience of the agro ecosystems to adverse impacts of climate change and help to improve soil fertility and plant growth under drought stress.

College of Agricultural Science and Engineering Hohai University Nanjing China

College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China

Department of Agricultural Microbiology Faculty of Agriculture Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt

Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt

Department of Botany and Plant Physiology Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamycka 129 16500 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Botany Faculty of Science University of Beni Suef Beni Suef 62511 Egypt

Department of Plant Physiology Slovak University of Agriculture 94911 Nitra Slovakia

Department of Plant Sciences College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences Sultan Qaboos University 123 Al Khoud Oman

Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China

Salt Soil Agricultural Center Institute of Agriculture Resources and Environment Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing 210014 China

State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro ecosystems Institute of Arid Agroecology School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China

State Key Laboratory of Silviculture Zhejiang A and F University Hangzhou China

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