Halophytes are plant species widely distributed in saline habitats, such as beaches, postindustrial wastelands, irrigated lands, salt flats, and others. Excessive salt level, known to limit plant growth, is not harmful to halophytes, which have developed a variety of defense mechanisms allowing them to colonize harsh environments. Plants under stress are known to respond with several morpho-anatomical adaptations, but also to enhance the production of secondary metabolites to better cope with difficult conditions. Owing to these adaptations, halophytes are an interesting group of undemanding plants with a high potential for application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, this review aims to present the characteristics of halophytes, describe changes in their gene expression, and discuss their synthesized metabolites of pharmacognostic and pharmacological significance. Lobularia maritima is characterized as a widely spread halophyte that has been shown to exhibit various pharmacological properties in vitro and in vivo. It is concluded that halophytes may become important sources of natural products for the treatment of various ailments and for supplementing the human diet with necessary non-nutrients and minerals. However, extensive studies are needed to deepen the knowledge of their biological potential in vivo, so that they can be introduced to the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute Palacky University Šlechtitelů 27 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic

Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables Medicinal and Special Plants Crop Research Institute Šlechtitelů 29 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic

Collegium Medicum Jan Kochanowski University 9 WiekówKielc 19 35 317 Kielce Poland

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences and Arts in Balgarn University of Bisha Bisha 61922 Saudi Arabia

Department of Environmental Sciences and Nutrition Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Mahdia University of Monastir Tunisia Monastir 5000 Tunisia

Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden Medical University of Lublin 1 Chodzki Str 20 093 Lublin Poland

ISBST BVBGR LR11ES31 Biotechpole Sidi Thabet University of Manouba Ariana 2020 Tunisia

Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax University of Sfax Sfax 3018 Tunisia

Plant Production College of Food and Agriculture Sciences King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia

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