Allium sativum L. (Garlic) is a fragrant herb and tuber-derived spice that is one of the most sought-after botanicals, used as a culinary and ethnomedicine for a variety of diseases around the world. An array of pharmacological attributes such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective activities of this species have been established by previous studies. A. sativum houses many sulfur-containing phytochemical compounds such as allicin, diallyl disulfide (DADS), vinyldithiins, ajoenes (E-ajoene, Z-ajoene), diallyl trisulfide (DATS), micronutrient selenium (Se) etc. Organosulfur compounds are correlated with modulations in its antioxidant properties. The garlic compounds have also been recorded as promising immune-boosters or act as potent immunostimulants. A. sativum helps to treat cardiovascular ailments, neoplastic growth, rheumatism, diabetes, intestinal worms, flatulence, colic, dysentery, liver diseases, facial paralysis, tuberculosis, bronchitis, high blood pressure, and several other diseases. The present review aims to comprehensively enumerate the ethnobotanical and pharmacological aspects of A. sativum with notes on its phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, toxicological aspects, and clinical studies from the retrieved literature from the last decade with notes on recent breakthroughs and bottlenecks. Future directions related to garlic research is also discussed.

Biotechnology of Macromolecules Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología IPNA Avda Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez San Cristóbal de la Laguna Spain

Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division ICAR Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology Mumbai India

Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology Chandigarh University Mohali India

Department of Biotechnology School of Applied and Life Sciences Uttaranchal University Dehradun India

Department of Biotechnology School of Engineering and Technology Sharda University Greater Noida Uttar Pradesh India

Department of Botany Dr Kanailal Bhattacharyya College Howrah India

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Hradec Kralove Hradec Kralove Czechia

Department of Life Sciences Presidency University Kolkata India

Department of Plant Biology Institute of Environmental Biology Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences Kożuchowska Poland

School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan India

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Front Nutr. 2024 Jul 29;11:1430483. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1430483. PubMed

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