In this study we focus on the application of standardized tests aimed at evaluating the functional degree of independence in children (client 1, WeeFIM test; and client 2, FIM test) in special education diagnostics. The target group consisted of two clients with a diagnosis of mental functional diversity (n = 2; client 1: mild mental retardation, according to ICD-10: F70, aged 6.5 years; and client 2: moderate mental retardation, according to ICD-10: F71, aged 13.4 years). Special pedagogical intervention was primarily applied to the clients, focusing on identified deficits in the areas of cognitive, motor, and social skills. The presented results demonstrate the importance of the application of these tests in special pedagogy. An improvement in the observed indicators of the given tests was demonstrated for both probands after the intervention. The aim of this article was to draw attention to the suitability of using functional independence tests in special pedagogical practices. The authors discuss the further implications of this application for future practice.

Department of Primary and Pre Primary Education Faculty of Education Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic

Department of Special and Social Education Faculty of Education Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic

Research Centre Faculty of Health Studies Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Patel D.R., Greydanus D.E., Calles J.L., Jr., Pratt H.D. Developmental disabilities across the lifespan. Dis. Mon. 2010;56:304–397. doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2010.02.001. PubMed DOI

Patel D.R., Apple R., Kanungo S., Akkal A. Intellectual functional diversity: Definitions, evaluation and principles of treatment. Pediatr. Med. 2018;1:11. doi: 10.21037/pm.2018.12.02. DOI

Harris J.C. Intellectual Functional Diversity: Understanding Its Development, Causes, Classification, Evaluation, and Treatment. Oxford University Press; Oxford, UK: 2006.

Patel D.R., Cabral M.D., Ho A., Merrick J. A clinical primer on intellectual functional diversity. Transl. Pediatr. 2020;9((Suppl. 1)):S23–S35. doi: 10.21037/tp.2020.02.02. PubMed DOI PMC

Haroková M., Chrastina J. Dying pupil with life-limiting or life-threatening illness in the context of inclusive education: A theoretical framework. EduPort. 2022;6:27–37. doi: 10.21062/edp.2022.003. DOI

Ladislav Z., Chytrý V., Lanková B. The Influence of Teacher’s Competences on Pupils’ Attitudes towards People with Disabilities. EduPort. 2019;3:37–45. doi: 10.21062/ujep/330.2019/a/2533-7106/OJPPE/2019/3/37. DOI

Schalock R.L., Borthwick-Duffy S.A., Bradley V.J., Buntinx W.H.E., Coulter D.L., Craig E.M., Gomez S.C., Lachapelle Y., Luckasson R., Reeve A., et al. Intellectual Disability: Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports. 11th ed. American Association for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities; Washington, DC, USA: 2009.

Vostrý M., Lanková B., Pešatová I., Fleischmann O., Jelínková J. Nonpharmacological Compensation of Aggressive Behavior of Individuals with Moderate Intellectual Functional diversity and Behavioral Disorders—A Case Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022;19:9116. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159116. PubMed DOI PMC

American Psychiatric Association (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) American Psychiatric Association Publishing; Washington, DC, USA: 2013.

World Health Organization (WHO) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Volume 1. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 1992.

Shapiro B.K., Gallico R. Learning Disabilities. Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. 1993;40:491–505. doi: 10.1016/S0031-3955(16)38546-7. PubMed DOI

Torr J., Davis R. Ageing and mental health problems in people with intellectual functional diversity. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry. 2007;20:467–471. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e328278520d. PubMed DOI

Girimaji S.C., Srinath S. Perspectives of intellectual functional diversity in India: Epidemiology, policy, services for children and adults. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry. 2010;23:441–446. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833ad95c. PubMed DOI

De Ligt J., Willemsen M.H., Van Bon B.W., Kleefstra T., Yntema H.G., Kroes T., Vulto-van Silfhout A.T., Koolen D.A., De Vries P., Gilissen C., et al. Diagnostic exome sequencing in persons with severe intellectual functional diversity. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012;367:1921–1929. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1206524. PubMed DOI

Chadwick O., Walker N., Bernard S., Taylor E. Factors affecting the risk of behaviour problems in children with severe intellectual functional diversity. J. Intellect. Funct. Divers. Res. 2000;44:108–123. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2000.00255.x. PubMed DOI

Arvio M., Sillanpää M. Prevalence, aetiology and comorbidity of severe and profound intellectual functional diversity in Finland. J. Intellect. Funct. Divers. Res. 2003;47:108–112. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00447.x. PubMed DOI

Lee K., Cascella M., Marwaha R. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island, FL, USA: 2019. Intellectual Functional diversity.

Huang J., Zhu T., Qu Y., Mu D. Prenatal, Perinatal and Neonatal Risk Factors for Intellectual Functional diversity: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0153655. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153655. PubMed DOI PMC

Maulik P.K., Mascarenhas M.N., Mathers C.D., Dua T., Saxena S. Prevalence of intellectual functional diversity: A meta-analysis of population-based studies. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2011;32:419–436. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018. PubMed DOI

Forster S., Iacono T. Functional diversity support workers’ experience of interaction with a person with profound intellectual functional diversity. J. Intellect. Dev. Funct. Divers. 2008;33:137–147. doi: 10.1080/13668250802094216. PubMed DOI

Vehmas S. Persons with profound intellectual functional diversity and their right to sex. Funct. Divers. Soc. 2019;34:519–539. doi: 10.1080/09687599.2018.1545110. DOI

Jacobs P., Macmahon K., Quayle E. Transition from school to adult services for young people with severe or profound intellectual functional diversity: A systematic review utilizing framework synthesis. J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil. 2018;31:962–982. doi: 10.1111/jar.12466. PubMed DOI

Kjellberg A. Participation—Ideology and Everyday Life: How to Understand the Experiences of Persons with Learning Disabilities. Linköping University; Linköping, Sweden: Örebro University; Örebro, Sweden: 2002.

Kottorp A., Bernspang B., Fisher A.G. Activities of daily living in persons with intellectual functional diversity: Strengths and limitations in specific motor and process skills. Aust. Occup. Ther. J. 2003;50:195–204. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1630.2003.00401.x. DOI

Reschly D.J., Myers T.G., Hartel C.R., editors. Mental Retardation—Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. National Academy Press; Washington, DC, USA: 2002. PubMed

Stauffer L.M., Fisher A.G., Duran L. ADL performance of black Americans and white Americans on the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 2000;54:607–613. doi: 10.5014/ajot.54.6.607. PubMed DOI

Ottenbacher K.J., Msall M.E., Lyon N., Duffy L.C., Ziviani J., Granger C.V., Braun S., Feidler R.C. The WeeFIM instrument: Its utility in detecting change in children with developmental disabilities. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2000;81:1317–1326. doi: 10.1053/apmr.2000.9387. PubMed DOI

DiScala C., Grant C.C., Brooke M.M., Gans B. Functional outcome in children with traumatic brain injury: Agreement between clinical judgement and the functional independence measure. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1992;7:145–148. doi: 10.1097/00002060-199206000-00004. PubMed DOI

Graham J.E., Granger C., Karmarkar A., Deutsch A., Niewczyk P., DiVita M., Ottenbacher K. The Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation: Report of Follow-up Information on Patients Discharged from Inpatient Rehabilitation Programs in 2002–2010. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2014;93:231–244. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3182a92c58. PubMed DOI PMC

Kauffman J.M., Hung L.Y. Special education for intellectual functional diversity: Current trends and perspectives. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry. 2009;22:452–456. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32832eb5c3. PubMed DOI

Jacobson J.W., Mulick J.A., Rojahn J. Handbook of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Springer; New York, NY, USA: 2007.

Graves T.B., Collins B.C., Schuster J.W., Kleinert H. Using video prompting to teach cooking skills to secondary students with moderate disabilities. Educ. Train. Dev. Disabil. 2005;40:34–46.

Cannella-Malone H.I., Fleming C., Chung Y.-C., Wheeler G.M., Basbagill A.R., Singh A.H. Teaching Daily Living Skills to Seven Individuals with Severe Intellectual Disabilities: A Comparison of Video Prompting to Video Modeling. J. Posit. Behav. Interv. 2011;13:144–153. doi: 10.1177/1098300710366593. DOI

Patel D.R., Merrick J. Neurodevelopmental Disabilities. Springer; Dordrecht, Germany: 2011. Intellectual functional diversity; pp. 161–171.

Lifshitz H., Merrick J., Morad M. Health status and ADL functioning of older persons with intellectual functional diversity: Community residence versus residential care centers. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2008;29:301–315. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2007.06.005. PubMed DOI

Bhamani S., Makhdoom A.Z., Bharuchi V., Ali N., Kaleem S., Ahmed D. Home learning in times of COVID: Experiences of parents. J. Educ. Educ. Dev. 2020;7:9–26. doi: 10.22555/joeed.v7i1.3260. DOI

Luckasson R., Borthwick-Duffy S., Buntinx W.H., Coulter D.L., Craig E.M.P., Reeve A., Schalock R.L., Snell M.E., Spitalnik D.M., Spreat S., et al. Mental Retardation: Definition, Classification, and Systems of Support. 10th ed. American Association on Mental Retardation; Washington, DC, USA: 2002.

Sulistyaningrum N.D., Mumpuniarti M., Nurkhamid N. Development of activity of daily living modules based on behavioral approaches for moderate intellectual functional diversity. J. Prima Edukasia. 2021;9:1–15. doi: 10.21831/jpe.v9i1.32857. DOI

Kang Y., Chang Y. Using a motion-controlled game to teach four elementary school children with intellectual disabilities to improve hand hygiene. J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil. 2019;32:942–951. doi: 10.1111/jar.12587. PubMed DOI

Lin M.L., Chiang M.S., Shih C.H., Li M.F. Improving the occupational skills of students with intellectual functional diversity by applying video prompting combined with dance pads. J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil. 2018;31:114–119. doi: 10.1111/jar.12368. PubMed DOI

Kellems R.O., Frandsen K., Hansen B., Gabrielsen T., Clarke B., Simons K., Clements K. Teaching multi-step math skills to adults with disabilities via video prompting. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2016;58:31–44. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.08.013. PubMed DOI

Mollica R.L. State Medicaid Reimbursement Policies and Practices in Assisted Living. National Center for Assisted Living, American Health Care Association. 2009. [(accessed on 9 September 2009)]. Available online: https://www.ahcancal.org/Assisted-Living/Policy/Documents/MedicaidAssistedLivingReport.pdf.

Maenner M.J., Smith L.E., Hong J., Makuch R., Greenberg J.S., Mailick M.R. Evaluation of an activities of daily living scale for adolescents and adults with developmental disabilities. Funct. Divers. Health J. 2013;6:8–17. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2012.08.005. PubMed DOI PMC

Martins R., Assumpção M.S., de Bobbio T.G., Mayer A.F., Schivinski C. The validity and reliability of the ADL-Glittre test for children. Physiother. Theory Pract. 2018;35:773–780. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1457747. PubMed DOI

Brown K., Parikh S., Patel D.R. Understanding basic concepts of developmental diagnosis in children. Transl. Pediatr. 2020;9:S9–S22. doi: 10.21037/tp.2019.11.04. PubMed DOI PMC

Cobzaru I. Models of intervention in the recovery of children with mental retardation and autism spectrum disorders. Alternative therapies. J. Plus Educ. 2021;28:99–109.

Villa-Fernández N., Martín-Gutiérrez Á. Educación inclusiva y digital: Desafíos y propuestas a partir del COVID-19. Virtu@lmente. 2020;8:7–27. doi: 10.21158/2357514x.v8.n2.2020.2715. DOI