Nepenthespudica, a new species from North Kalimantan, Indonesia, is described and illustrated. The species belongs to the N.hirsuta group (sensu Cheek and Jebb 1999) but exhibits some characters that are unique within the group or even within the genus. Above all, it produces underground, achlorophyllous shoots with well-developed, ventricose lower pitchers that form in soil cavities or directly in the soil. No lower pitchers are formed above ground. The main part of its prey are ants, besides other litter- and soil-inhabiting species of invertebrates. A number of infaunal species were found in both aerial and underground pitchers, mainly Diptera and nematodes. Nepenthespudica is known only from a few neighbouring localities in the Mentarang Hulu district of North Kalimantan, where it grows on ridgetops at an elevation of 1100-1300 m. Its discovery underlines the natural richness of Borneo's rainforest and the necessity to preserve this important ecosystem with its enormous and still undiscovered biodiversity.

Department of Botany Faculty of Science Palacký University Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 CZ 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science Palacký University Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 CZ 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno Zemědělská 3 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology Faculty of Biology Institute of Botany Jagiellonian University in Kraków 9 Gronostajowa St 30 387 Kraków Poland

School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol 24 Tyndall Avenue Bristol BS8 1TQ UK

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Adam JH. (1997) Prey spectra of Bornean

Adamec L. (2007) Investment in carnivory in

Adlassnig W, Peroutka M, Lendl T. (2011) Traps of carnivorous pitcher plants as a habitat: Composition of the fluid, biodiversity and mutualistic activities. Annals of Botany 107(2): 181–194. 10.1093/aob/mcq238 PubMed DOI PMC

Andrassy I. (1952) Freilebende Nematoden aus dem Bükk-Gebirge. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 2: 13–65. [Series Nova]

Bert W, De Ley IT, van Driessche R, Segers H, De Ley P. (2011) DOI

Bongers T. (1990) The maturity index, an ecological measure of environmental disturbance based on nematode species composition. Oecologia 83(1): 14–19. 10.1007/BF00324627 PubMed DOI

Bonhomme V, Gounand I, Alaux C, Jousselin E, Barthélémy D, Gaume L. (2011) The plant-ant DOI

Borgonie G, García-Moyano A, Litthauer D, Bert W, Bester A, van Heerden E, Möller C, Erasmus M, Onstott TC. (2011) Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa. Nature 474(7349): 79–82. 10.1038/nature09974 PubMed DOI

Cheek MR. (2015) DOI

Cheek M, Jebb M. (1999) DOI

Cheek M, Jebb M. (2001) Flora Malesiana. Series I – Seed plants. Volume 15: Nepenthaceae. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden.

Clarke CM. (1997a) Another nice trip to Sumatra. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26(1): 4–10.

Clarke CM. (1997b)

Clarke CM. (2001)

Cross A, Kalfas N, Nunn R, Conran J. (2019)

Danser BH. (1928) The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 9: 249–438.

Darnowski D, Bauer U, Méndez M, Horner J, Plachno BJ. (2018) Prey selection and specialization by carnivorous plants. In: Ellison AM, Adamec L. (Eds) Carnivorous Plants-Physiology, ecology and evolution.Oxford University Press, 285–293. 10.1093/oso/9780198779841.003.0021 DOI

De Grisse A. (1969) Redescription ou modifications de quelques techniques utilisées dans l`étude des nématodes phytoparasitaires. Mededelingen Rijksfaculteit der Landbouwwetenschappen Gent 34: 351–369.

Ellison A, Gotelli N, Brewer S, Cochran-Stafira L, Kneitel J, Miller T, Worley A, Zamora R. (2001) The evolutionary ecology of carnivorous plants. Advances in Ecological Research 33: 1–74. 10.1016/S0065-2504(03)33009-0 DOI

Gaveau DL, Sheil D, Salim MA, Arjasakusuma S, Ancrenaz M, Pacheco P, Meijaard E. (2016) Rapid conversions and avoided deforestation: Examining four decades of industrial plantation expansion in Borneo. Scientific Reports 6(1): e32017. 10.1038/srep32017 PubMed DOI PMC

Geraert E, Sudhaus W, Lenaerts L, Bosmans E. (1988)

Ghazalli MN, Tamizi AA, Nikong D, Besi EE, Mat Esa MI, Mohd Esa AR, Latiff A, Zaini AZ, Shakri MA. (2020) DOI

Givnish TJ, Burkhardt EL, Happel RE, Weintraub JD. (1984) Carnivory in the bromeliad DOI

Golos MR, Robinson AS, Barer M, Dančák M, de Witte J, Limberg A, Sapawi NBM, Tjiasmanto W. (2020) DOI

Greeney HF. (2000) The insects of plant-held waters: A review and bibliography. Journal of Tropical Ecology 17(2): 241–260. 10.1017/S026646740100116X DOI

Ishaq LS, Hotopp A, Silverbrand S, Dumont EJ, Michaud A, MacRae JD, Stock SP, Groden E. (2021) Bacterial transfer from PubMed DOI PMC

IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1, 2

IUCN (2022) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. https://nc.iucnredlist.org/redlist/content/attachment_files/RedListGuidelines.pdf [accessed 2 May 2022]

Jebb M, Cheek M. (1997) A skeletal revision of

Karagatzides JD, Ellison AM. (2009) Construction costs, payback times, and the leaf economics of carnivorous plants. American Journal of Botany 96(9): 1612–1619. 10.3732/ajb.0900054 PubMed DOI

Kitching RL. (2000) Food webs and container habitats: the natural history and ecology of phytotelmata. Cambridge University Press, 431 pp. 10.1017/CBO9780511542107 DOI

Körner H. (1954) Die Nematodenfauna des vergehenden Holzes and ihre Beziehung zu Insekten. Zoologische Jahrbucher 82: 345–533.

McPherson S, Schnell D. (2011) Sarraceniaceae of North America. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole 170(1): 133–133.

McPherson S, Fleischmann A, Robinson A. (2009) Pitcher plants of the Old World (Vol. 1). Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole 161(4): 449–450. 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01023.x DOI

Miettinen J, Shi C, Liew SC. (2011) Deforestation rates in insular Southeast Asia between 2000 and 2010. Global Change Biology 17(7): 2261–2270. 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02398.x DOI

Murphy B, Forest F, Barraclough T, Rosindell J, Bellot S, Cowan R, Golos M, Jebb M, Cheek M. (2020) A phylogenomic analysis of PubMed DOI

Nerz J, Mann P, Alt T, Smith T. (1998) DOI

Osunkoya OO, Daud SD, Di Giusto B, Wimmer FL, Holige TM. (2007) Construction costs and physico-chemical properties of the assimilatory organs of PubMed DOI PMC

Osunkoya OO, Daud SD, Wimmer FL. (2008) Longevity, lignin content and construction cost of the assimilatory organs of PubMed DOI PMC

Pavlovič A, Saganová M. (2015) A novel insight into the cost–benefit model for the evolution of botanical carnivory. Annals of Botany 115(7): 1075–1092. 10.1093/aob/mcv050 PubMed DOI PMC

Pavlovič A, Masarovičová E, Hudák J. (2007) Carnivorous syndrome in Asian pitcher plants of the genus PubMed DOI PMC

Pavlovič A, Singerová L, Demko V, Hudák J. (2009) Feeding enhances photosynthetic efficiency in the carnivorous pitcher plant PubMed DOI PMC

Pereira CG, Almenara DP, Winter CE, Fritsch PW, Lambers H, Oliveira RS. (2012) Underground leaves of PubMed DOI PMC

Phillipps A, Lamb AL, Lee CC. (2008) Pitcher Plants of Borneo, 2

Płachno BJ, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M, Świątek P, Darnowski DW. (2008) Prey attraction in carnivorous

Poppinga S, Weisskopf C, Westermeier AS, Masselter T, Speck T. (2016) Fastest predators in the plant kingdom: Functional morphology and biomechanics of suction traps found in the largest genus of carnivorous plants. AoB Plants 8: plv140. 10.1093/aobpla/plv140 PubMed DOI PMC

Rae R, Riebesell M, Dinkelacker I, Wang Q, Herrmann M, Weller AM, Dietrich C, Sommer RJ. (2008) Isolation of naturally associated bacteria of necromenic PubMed DOI

Raes N, Roos MC, Slik JWF, van Loon EE, ter Steege H. (2009) Botanical richness and endemicity patterns of Borneo derived from species distribution models. Ecography 32(1): 180–192. 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05800.x DOI

Robinson AS, Golos MR, Barer M, Sano Y, Forgie JJ, Garrido D, Gorman CN, Luick AO, McIntosh NWR, McPherson SR, Palena GJ, Pančo I, Quinn BD, Shea J. (2019) Revisions in DOI

Salmon B. (1993) Some observations on the trapping mechanisms of

Schenková J, Čermák V. (2013) Description of PubMed DOI

Schmid-Hollinger R. (1994) More knowledge about

Seine R, Porembski S, Balduin M, Theisen I, Wilbert N, Barthlott W. (2002) Different prey strategies of terrestrial and aquatic species in the carnivorous genus DOI

Stefanski W. (1954)

Tan WK, Wong CL. (1996) Aerial pitchers of

Taylor P. (1991) The genus

Teo HC, Lechner AM, Sagala S, Campos-Arceiz A. (2020) Environmental impacts of planned capitals and lessons for Indonesia’s new capital. Land (Basel) 9(11): 438. 10.3390/land9110438 DOI

Thiers B. (2022) Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York botanical Garden’s virtual herbarium. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ [accessed 6 February 2022]

Thorp JH, Rogers DC. (2015) Thorp and Covich’s Freshwater Invertebrates (4 DOI

Vong V, Ali A, Onsanit S, Thitithanakul S, Noon-Anant N, Pengsakul T. (2021) Larval mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) abundance in relation with environmental conditions of pitcher plants Nepenthesmirabilisvar.mirabilis in Songkhla Province, Thailand. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 43(2): 431–438.

Wahab A. (1962) Untersuchungen über Nematoden in den Drüsen des Kopfes der Ameisen (Formicidae). Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Oekologie der Tiere 52(1): 33–92. 10.1007/BF00446341 DOI

Zamora R, Gómez JM, Hódar JA. (1997) Responses of a carnivorous plant to prey and inorganic nutrients in a Mediterranean environment. Oecologia 111(4): 443–451. 10.1007/s004420050257 PubMed DOI