Exosomes are biological nanoscale spherical lipid bilayer vesicles, 40-160 nm in diameter, produced by most mammalian cells in both physiological and pathological conditions. Exosomes are formed via the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT). The primary function of exosomes is mediating cell-to-cell communication. In terms of cancer, exosomes play important roles as mediators of intercellular communication, leading to tumor progression. Moreover, they can serve as biomarkers for cancer detection and progression. Therefore, their utilization in cancer therapies has been suggested, either as drug delivery carriers or as a diagnostic tool. However, exosomes were also reported to be involved in cancer drug resistance via transferring information of drug resistance to sensitive cells. It is important to consider the current knowledge regarding the role of exosomes in cancer, drug resistance, cancer therapies, and their clinical application in cancer therapies.

Cellivia 3 S A 61 623 Poznan Poland

Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology Dental Institute King's College London London WC2R 2LS UK

Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences Institute of Veterinary Medicine Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun 87 100 Torun Poland

Department of Biomaterials and Experimental Dentistry Poznan University of Medical Sciences 60 812 Poznan Poland

Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences Institute of Veterinary Medicine Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun 87 100 Torun Poland

Department of Histology and Embryology Poznan University of Medical Sciences 60 781 Poznan Poland

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital and Masaryk University 601 77 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology University of Guarulhos Guarulhos 07030 010 Brazil

Department of Toxicology Poznan University of Medical Sciences 60 631 Poznan Poland

Department of Veterinary Surgery Institute of Veterinary Medicine Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun 87 100 Torun Poland

Division of Anatomy and Histology University of Zielona Góra 65 046 Zielona Góra Poland

Division of Anatomy Department of Human Morphology and Embryology Wroclaw Medical University 50 368 Wroclaw Poland

Division of Histology and Embryology Department of Human Morphology and Embryology Wroclaw Medical University 50 368 Wroclaw Poland

Division of Ultrastructural Research Department of Human Morphology and Embryology Wroclaw Medical University 50 368 Wroclaw Poland

Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA

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