Bacteria either duplicate their chromosome once per cell division or a new round of replication is initiated before the cells divide, thus cell cycles overlap. Here, we show that the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa switches from fast growth with overlapping cell cycles to sustained slow growth with only one replication round per cell division when cultivated under standard laboratory conditions. The transition was characterized by fast-paced, sequential changes in transcriptional activity along the ori-ter axis of the chromosome reflecting adaptation to the metabolic needs during both growth phases. Quorum sensing (QS) activity was highest at the onset of the slow growth phase with non-overlapping cell cycles. RNA sequencing of subpopulations of these cultures sorted based on their DNA content, revealed a strong gene dosage effect as well as specific expression patterns for replicating and nonreplicating cells. Expression of flagella and mexE, involved in multidrug efflux was restricted to cells that did not replicate, while those that did showed a high activity of the cell division locus and recombination genes. A possible role of QS in the formation of these subpopulations upon switching to non-overlapping cell cycles could be a subject of further research. IMPORTANCE The coordination of gene expression with the cell cycle has so far been studied only in a few bacteria, the bottleneck being the need for synchronized cultures. Here, we determined replication-associated effects on transcription by comparing Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures that differ in their growth mode and number of replicating chromosomes. We further show that cell cycle-specific gene regulation can be principally identified by RNA sequencing of subpopulations from cultures that replicate only once per cell division and that are sorted according to their DNA content. Our approach opens the possibility to study asynchronously growing bacteria from a wide phylogenetic range and thereby enhance our understanding of the evolution of cell cycle control on the transcriptional level.

Central Facility for Microscopy Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany

Cluster of Excellence RESIST Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany

Department of Clinical Microbiology Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark

Department of Molecular Bacteriology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany

Institute for Molecular Bacteriology Twincore Centre for Clinical and Experimental Infection Research Hannover Germany

Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Science Center Algatech Třeboň Czech Republic

Platform Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Department of Experimental Immunology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany

Platform Genome Analytics Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany

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