Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are recognized as emerging contaminants, especially in food, with unknown health significance. MNPs passing through the gastrointestinal tract have been brought in context with disruption of the gut microbiome. Several molecular mechanisms have been described to facilitate tissue uptake of MNPs, which then are involved in local inflammatory and immune responses. Furthermore, MNPs can act as potential transporters ("vectors") of contaminants and as chemosensitizers for toxic substances ("Trojan Horse effect"). In this review, we summarize current multidisciplinary knowledge of ingested MNPs and their potential adverse health effects. We discuss new insights into analytical and molecular modeling tools to help us better understand the local deposition and uptake of MNPs that might drive carcinogenic signaling. We present bioethical insights to basically re-consider the "culture of consumerism." Finally, we map out prominent research questions in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations.

Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine Graz Austria

Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University 602 00 Brno Czech Republic

Christian Doppler Laboratory for Applied Metabolomics Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Environment and Health Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands

Department of Internal Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria

Department of Pathology University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1QP UK

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Division of Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology Department of Pathology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Division of Nuclear Medicine Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Division of Systematic Theology and its Didactics Faculty of Catholic Theology University of Wuerzburg Wuerzburg Germany

Division of Visceral Surgery Department of General Surgery Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

General and Analytical Chemistry Montanuniversitaet Leoben Styria Austria

Materials Science and Testing of Polymers Montanuniversitaet Leoben Styria Austria

Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry University of Bonn Bonn Germany

Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna Austria

Unit of Marine and Coastal Systems Deltares P O Box 177 2600 MH Delft Netherlands

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