Climate change, biodiversity loss, and chemical pollution are planetary-scale emergencies requiring urgent mitigation actions. As these "triple crises" are deeply interlinked, they need to be tackled in an integrative manner. However, while climate change and biodiversity are often studied together, chemical pollution as a global change factor contributing to worldwide biodiversity loss has received much less attention in biodiversity research so far. Here, we review evidence showing that the multifaceted effects of anthropogenic chemicals in the environment are posing a growing threat to biodiversity and ecosystems. Therefore, failure to account for pollution effects may significantly undermine the success of biodiversity protection efforts. We argue that progress in understanding and counteracting the negative impact of chemical pollution on biodiversity requires collective efforts of scientists from different disciplines, including but not limited to ecology, ecotoxicology, and environmental chemistry. Importantly, recent developments in these fields have now enabled comprehensive studies that could efficiently address the manifold interactions between chemicals and ecosystems. Based on their experience with intricate studies of biodiversity, ecologists are well equipped to embrace the additional challenge of chemical complexity through interdisciplinary collaborations. This offers a unique opportunity to jointly advance a seminal frontier in pollution ecology and facilitate the development of innovative solutions for environmental protection.

Animal Physiological Ecology University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 5 D 72076 Tübingen Germany

Berlin Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research 14195 Berlin Germany

Biodiversity Research Institute Portland Maine 04103 USA

Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg 40530 Gothenburg Sweden

Department of Biology University of Oxford South Parks Road OX1 3RB Oxford UK

Department of Earth Sciences and School of the Environment University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3B1 Canada

Department of Environmental Geosciences Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science University of Vienna Vienna 1090 Austria

Department of Environmental Science Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden

Department of Marine Sciences University of Connecticut Groton Connecticut USA

Department of Wildlife Fish and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 90187 Umeå Sweden

Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland

Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Technology and Society Laboratory CH 9014 St Gallen Switzerland

ETH Zürich Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics 8092 Zürich Switzerland

Freie Universität Berlin Institut für Biologie Altensteinstr 6 14195 Berlin Germany

Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre 40530 Gothenburg Sweden

Institute for Environmental Research RWTH Aachen University 52074 Aachen Germany

Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Lessing Strasse 8 07743 Jena Germany

International Panel on Chemical Pollution 8092 Zürich Switzerland

Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco Environment Chongqing University 400045 Chongqing China

Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Lund University Botanical Garden Lund Sweden

Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg 6 avenue du Swing 4367 Belvaux Luxembourg

Ostrhauderfehn Lower Saxony Germany

RECETOX Masaryk University 62500 Brno Czech Republic

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Richmond Surrey TW9 3AE UK

School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering EPF Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland

School of the Environment State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse 210023 Nanjing China

Transfer Center Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology Blumenstr 13 D 72108 Rottenburg Germany

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Psychoactive pollutant alters movement dynamics of fish in a natural lake system