OBJECTIVES: In Czech children, the burden related to the high body-mass index is rising. In the last three decades, Western eating patterns have influenced Czech children's diet, including the high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. This narrative review aims to evaluate evidence of the trend of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in Czech children and its impact on the prevalence of childhood abnormal adiposity. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review in MEDLINE (PubMed) and a hand search using references in identified articles were performed. The inclusion criteria were population-based studies of randomly selected samples of children from 0 to 18 years old, data involving the Czech population, published from 1990 to 2021. The results were organized into three sections - childhood abnormal adiposity, SSBs consumption, and the association between SSBs consumption and abnormal adiposity. RESULTS: The studies showed a significant increase in abnormal adiposity in both genders and all age categories. The highest prevalence of abnormal adiposity was observed in boys and younger children. On the contrary, sugar-sweetened beverages showed a significant decline in daily consumption among Czech children of both genders and all age categories. No results were found for consequences of abnormal adiposity concerning sugar-sweetened beverages consumption. CONCLUSION: Findings from this review could serve public health experts to detect the areas of a gap in research and establish potential interventions in vulnerable groups. Observation of potential obesogenic contributors - including sugar-sweetened beverages - should be an integral part of effective action against the obesity pandemic.

Department of Public Health Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Departments of Global Health and Population and Epidemiology Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA

Foundation for Clinic Public Health and Epidemiology Research of Venezuela Caracas Venezuela

International Clinical Research Centre St Anne's University Hospital Brno Brno Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2021 [cited 2022 Jan 18]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.

Sigmund E, Sigmundová D, Badura P, Kalman M, Hamrik Z, Pavelka J. Temporal trends in overweight and obesity, physical activity and screen time among Czech adolescents from 2002 to 2014: a National Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Sep 18;12(9):11848-68. DOI

Schröder H, Mendez MA, Ribas L, Funtikova AN, Gomez SF, Fíto M, et al. Caloric beverage drinking patterns are differentially associated with diet quality and adiposity among Spanish girls and boys. Eur J Pediatr. 2014 Sep;173(9):1169-77. DOI

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. GBD Compare [Internet]. Seattle: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation [cited 2022 Jan 4]. Available from: https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/.

Pan L, Li R, Park S, Galuska DA, Sherry B, Freedman DS. A longitudinal analysis of sugar-sweetened beverage intake in infancy and obesity at 6 years. Pediatrics. 2014 Sep;134 Suppl 1:S29-35. DOI

Tahmassebi JF, BaniHani A. Impact of soft drinks to health and economy: a critical review. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2020 Feb;21(1):109-17. DOI

Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet. 2001 Feb 17;357(9255):505-8.

Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 2007 Apr;97(4):667-75. DOI

Zheng M, Rangan A, Olsen NJ, Bo Andersen L, Wedderkopp N, Kristensen P, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in relation to changes in body fatness over 6 and 12 years among 9-year-old children: the European Youth Heart Study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Jan;68(1):77-83. DOI

Czech Statistical Office. [Czech Republic since 1989 in numbers - updated 9 December 2022] [Internet]. Prague: CZSO; 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 29]. Available from: https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/ceska-republika-od-roku-1989-v-cislech-aktualizovano-9122022. Czech.

Humeníková L, Gates GE. Dietary intakes, physical activity, and predictors of child obesity among 4-6th graders in the Czech Republic. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2007 Mar;15(1):23-8.

Sigmund E, Badura P, Sigmundová D, Voráčová J, Zacpal J, Kalman M, et al. Trends and correlates of overweight/obesity in Czech adolescents in relation to family socioeconomic status over a 12-year study period (2002-2014). BMC Public Health. 2018 Jan 10;18(1):122. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-5013-1. PubMed DOI

Hamřík Z, Sigmundová D, Pavelka J, Kalman M, Sigmund E. Trends in overweight and obesity in Czech schoolchildren from 1998 to 2014. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2017 Jul;25 Suppl 1:S10-4. DOI

Inchley J, Currie D, Budisavljevic S, Torsheim T, Jåstad A, Cosma A, et al. Spotlight on adolescent health and well-being. Findings from the 2017/2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey in Europe and Canada. International report. Volume 2. Key data. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2020.

Kunešová M, Vignerová J, Pařízková J, Procházka B, Braunerová R, Riedlová J, et al. Long-term changes in prevalence of overweight and obesity in Czech 7-year-old children: evaluation of different cut-off criteria of childhood obesity. Obes Rev. 2011 Jul;12(7):483-91.

Kratěnová J, Žejglicová K, Malý M, Puklová V. [Results of the "Children's Health 2016" study. In: Results of the Monitoring System of the Health Status of the Czech Population in Relation to the Environment]. Prague: National Institute of Public Health; 2017. Czech.

Currie C, Hurrelmann K, Settertobulte W, Smith R, Todd J, editors. Health and health behaviour among young people: international report. WHO policy series: health policy for children and adolescents, issue 1. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2000.

Voráčová J, Sigmund E, Sigmundová D, Kalman M. Changes in eating behaviours among Czech children and adolescents from 2002 to 2014 (HBSC Study). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Dec 15;12(12):15888-99. DOI

Inchley J, Currie D, Budisavljevic S, Torsheim T, Jåstad A, Cosma A, et al. Spotlight on adolescent health and well-being. Findings from the 2017/2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey in Europe and Canada. International report. Volume 2. Key data. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2020.

Stahlmann K, Hebestreit A, DeHenauw S, Hunsberger M, Kaprio J, Lissner L, et al. A cross-sectional study of obesogenic behaviours and family rules according to family structure in European children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020 Mar 5;17(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s12966-020-00939-2. PubMed DOI

Hebestreit A, Intemann T, Siani A, De Henauw S, Eiben G, Kourides YA, et al. Dietary patterns of European children and their parents in association with family food environment: results from the I.Family study. Nutrients. 2017 Feb 10;9(2):126. doi: 10.3390/nu9020126. PubMed DOI

Vignerová J, Bláha P, Ošancová K, Roth Z. Social inequality and obesity in Czech school children. Econ Hum Biol. 2004 Mar;2(1):107-18. DOI

Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet. 2001 Feb 17;357(9255):505-8. DOI

Schneider S, Mata J, Kadel P. Relations between sweetened beverage consumption and individual, interpersonal, and environmental factors: a 6-year longitudinal study in German children and adolescents. Int J Public Health. 2020 Jun;65(5):559-70. DOI

McNeill G, Masson LF, Macdiarmid JI, Craig LC, Wills WJ, Bromley C. Socio-economic differences in diet, physical activity and leisure-time screen use among Scottish children in 2006 and 2010: are we closing the gap? Public Health Nutr. 2017 Apr;20(6):951-8. DOI

Musić Milanović S, Buoncristiano M, Križan H, Rathmes G, Williams J, Hyska J, et al. Socioeconomic disparities in physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep patterns among 6- to 9-year-old children from 24 countries in the WHO European region. Obes Rev. 2021 Nov;22 Suppl 6:e13209. doi: 10.1111/obr.13209. PubMed DOI

Moradi G, Mostafavi F, Azadi N, Esmaeilnasab N, Nouri B. Evaluation of screen time activities and their relationship with physical activity, overweight and socioeconomic status in children 10-12 years of age in Sanandaj, Iran: a cross-sectional study in 2015. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2016 Nov 26;30:448.

Currie C, Molcho M, Boyce W, Holstein B, Torsheim T, Richter M. Researching health inequalities in adolescents: the development of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) family affluence scale. Soc Sci Med. 2008 Mar;66(6):1429-36.

World Health Organization. Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva: WHO; 2015.

Mesana MI, Hilbig A, Androutsos O, Cuenca-García M, Dallongeville J, Huybrechts I, et al. Dietary sources of sugars in adolescents' diet: the HELENA study. Eur J Nutr. 2018 Mar;57(2):629-41. DOI

[Decree No. 282/2016 Coll. of August 29, 2016, on requirements for food, as amended, the advertising and sale of which are permitted in schools and school establishments]. Sbírka zákonů ČR. 2016 Sep 5;Pt 109:4354-8. Czech.

McGartland C, Robson PJ, Murray L, Cran G, Savage MJ, Watkins D, et al. Carbonated soft drink consumption and bone mineral density in adolescence: the Northern Ireland Young Hearts project. J Bone Miner Res. 2003 Sep;18(9):1563-9.

Fidler Mis N, Braegger C, Bronsky J, Campoy C, Domellöf M, Embleton ND, et al. Sugar in infants, children and adolescents: a position paper of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 Dec;65(6):681-96. DOI

Pollock NK, Bundy V, Kanto W, Davis CL, Bernard PJ, Zhu H, et al. Greater fructose consumption is associated with cardiometabolic risk markers and visceral adiposity in adolescents. J Nutr. 2012 Feb;142(2):251-7. DOI

Bremer AA, Byrd RS, Auinger P. Differences in male and female adolescents from various racial groups in the relationship between insulin resistence - associated parameters with sugar-sweetened beverage intake and physical activity levels. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2010 Dec;49(12):1134-42. DOI

Welsh JA, Sharma A, Cunningham SA, Vos MB. Consumption of added sugars and indicators of cardiovascular disease risk among US adolescents. Circulation. 2011 Jan 25;123(3):249-57.

Nguyen S, Choi HK, Lustig RH, Hsu CY. Sugar-sweetened beverages, serum uric acid, and blood pressure in adolescents. J Pediatr. 2009 Jun;154(6):807-13. DOI

Sesé MA, Jiménez-Pavón D, Gilbert CC, González-Gross M, Gottrand F, de Henauw S, et al. Eating behaviour, insulin resistance and cluster of metabolic risk factors in European adolescents. The HELENA Study. Appetite. 2012 Aug;59(1):140-7. DOI

Moreno LA, Gottrand F, Huybrechts I, Ruiz JR, González-Gross M, DeHenauw S, et al; HELENA Study Group. Nutrition and lifestyle in European adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Adv Nutr. 2014 Sep;5(5):615S-23. DOI

Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 2007 Apr;97(4):667-75. DOI

von Philipsborn P, Stratil JM, Burns J, Busert LK, Pfadenhauer LM, Polus S, et al. Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jun 12;6(6):CD012292. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012292.pub2. PubMed DOI

World Health Organization. 'Best buys' and other recommended interventions for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2017 [cited 2023 Mar 29]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259232/WHO-NMH-NVI-17.9-eng.pdf.

Bandy LK, Scarborough P, Harrington RA, Rayner M, Jebb SA. Reductions in sugar sales from soft drinks in the UK from 2015 to 2018. BMC Med. 2020 Jan 13;18(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s12916-019-1477-4. PubMed DOI

Schwendicke F, Stolpe M. Taxing sugar-sweetened beverages: impact on overweight and obesity in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2017 Jan 17;17(1):88. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3938-4. PubMed DOI

Carl AE, Taillie LS, Grummon AH, Lazard AJ, Higgins ICA, Sheldon JM, et al. Awareness of and reactions to the health harms of sugary drinks: an online study of U. S. parents. Appetite. 2021 Sep 1;164:105234. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105234. PubMed DOI

Voráčová J, Sigmund E, Sigmundová D, Kalman M. Changes in eating behaviours among Czech children and adolescents from 2002 to 2014 (HBSC Study). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Dec 15;12(12):15888-99.

World Health Organization. Taxes on sugary drinks: why do it? [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2017 [cited 2023 Mar 29]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/260253.

Sousa A, Sych J, Rohrmann S, Faeh D. The importance of sweet beverage definitions when targeting health policies - the case of Switzerland. Nutrients. 2020 Jul 3;12(7):1976. doi: 10.3390/nu12071976. PubMed DOI

Holubcikova J, Kolarcik P, Madarasova Geckova A, Reijneveld SA, van Dijk JP. Regular energy drink consumption is associated with the risk of health and behavioural problems in adolescents. Eur J Pediatr. 2017 May;176(5):599-605. DOI