Stress responsiveness and fish meal (FM) replacement are two of the most important concerns toward achieving sustainable aquaculture. The purpose of this study was to see how early mild stress (netting) and FM replacement with meat and bone meal (MBM) affected oscar (Astronotus ocellatus; 5.2 ± 0.9 g) growth, hematology, blood biochemistry, immune responses, antioxidant system, liver enzymes, and stress responses. Oscars were subjected to a 3 × 3 experimental design (three fish meal replacement levels: 250, 180 and 110 g/kg of FM in diets; three stress periods: 0-, 2- and 3-times early mild stress). After ten weeks of the experiment, FM levels in diets did not affect growth data, but the survival rate after the acute confinement (AC) stress was lower in 11FM treatments (47.7% compared to 67.7%) than others. Fish exposed to the 3Stress schedule had a lower growth (31.03 ± 6.50 g) and survival rate (55.5%) after the AC stress than the 2Stress group (38.92 ± 6.82 g and 70.0%). Lower survival and growth rate in the 3Stress and 11FM groups coincided with the lowest blood performance, total protein, lysozyme, complement C4, complement C3, immunoglobulin, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and the highest glucose, cortisol, low-density lipoprotein and aspartate aminotransferase serum levels. Altogether, this study revealed that it is possible to replace FM with MBM up to 28% (180 g/kg of FM) without negative effects on the growth and health of juvenile oscar as dietary 110 g/kg of FM impaired fish health. While fish welfare should be considered, we can conclude that mild stress (2Stress) during the farming period, but without adding excessive alternative protein sources, can improve the stress responsiveness of oscar.

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CSIRO Agriculture and Food Livestock and Aquaculture Program Bribie Island Research Centre Woorim QLD 4507 Australia

Department of Fisheries Faculty of Marine Science Tarbiat Modares University Noor 4641776489 Iran

Department of Microbiology Pathobiology and Basic Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Razi University Kermanshah 6714414971 Iran

Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies University of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7053 Australia

Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology 322 Hardy Street Private Bag 19 Nelson 7010 New Zealand

South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Husova třída 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic

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The crosstalk between photoperiod and early mild stress on juvenile oscar (Astronotus ocellatus) after acute stress

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