Animal movement behaviours are shaped by diverse factors, including resource availability and human impacts on the landscape. We generated home range estimates and daily movement rate estimates for 149 giraffe (Giraffa spp.) from all four species across Africa to evaluate the effects of environmental productivity and anthropogenic disturbance on space use. Using the continuous time movement modelling framework and a novel application of mixed effects meta-regression, we summarized overall giraffe space use and tested for the effects of resource availability and human impact on 95% autocorrelated kernel density estimate (AKDE) size and daily movement. The mean 95% AKDE was 359.9 km2 and the mean daily movement was 14.2 km, both with marginally significant differences across species. We found significant negative effects of resource availability, and significant positive effects of resource heterogeneity and protected area overlap on 95% AKDE size. There were significant negative effects of overall anthropogenic disturbance and positive effects of the heterogeneity of anthropogenic disturbance on daily movements and 95% AKDE size. Our results provide unique insights into the interactive effects of resource availability and anthropogenic development on the movements of a large-bodied browser and highlight the potential impacts of rapidly changing landscapes on animal space-use patterns.

Biodiversity Research Centre Namibia University of Science and Technology 8 Johann Albrecht Street Windhoek Namibia

Centre for Ecosystem Studies School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Kensington NSW 2052 Australia

Conservation Science and Wildlife Health San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance San Diego CA USA

Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park MD USA

Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Stellenbosch University Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa

Department of Migration Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Radolfzell Germany

Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa

Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamycka 129 16500 Prague Czechia

Giraffe Conservation Foundation PO Box 86099 Eros Windhoek Namibia

Office of the State Veterinarian Department of Agriculture Land Reform and Rural Development Kruger National Park Skukuza South Africa

Selati Game Reserve 0895 Gravelotte South Africa

Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre and Department of Biological Science Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany

Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Conservation Ecology Center 1500 Remount Rd Front Royal VA 22630 USA

Wild Africa Conservation Niamey Niger

Wildscapes Veterinary and Conservation Services Hoedspruit South Africa

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Heads up-Four Giraffa species have distinct cranial morphology

Saving the Last West African Giraffe Population: A Review of Its Conservation Status and Management

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figshare
10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6677587