Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae) is a tree indigenous to West and Central Africa. All plant parts, but especially the seeds, are of value in local folklore medicine. Garcinia kola is used in treatment of numerous diseases, including gastric disorders, bronchial diseases, fever, malaria and is used to induce a stimulating and aphrodisiac effect. The plant is now attracting considerable interest as a possible source of pharmaceutically important drugs. Several different classes of compounds such as biflavonoids, benzophenones, benzofurans, benzopyran, vitamin E derivatives, xanthones, and phytosterols, have been isolated from G. kola, of which many appears to be found only in this species, such as garcinianin (found in seeds and roots), kolanone (fruit pulp, seeds, roots), gakolanone (stem bark), garcinoic acid, garcinal (both in seeds), garcifuran A and B, and garcipyran (all in roots). They showed a wide range of pharmacological activities (e.g. analgesic, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects), though this has only been confirmed in animal models. Kolaviron is the most studied compound and is perceived by many studies as the active principle of G. kola. However, its research is associated with significant flaws (e.g. too high doses tested, inappropriate positive control). Garcinol has been tested under better conditions and is perhaps showing more promising results and should attract deeper research interest (especially in the area of anticancer, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective activity). Human clinical trials and mechanism-of-action studies must be carried out to verify whether any of the compounds present in G. kola may be used as a lead in the drug development.

Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Czech Republic

Department of Food Science Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague Czech Republic

See more in PubMed

Abarikwu SO. Anti-inflammatory effects of kolaviron modulate the expressions of inflammatory marker genes, inhibit transcription factors ERK1/2, p-JNK, NF-κB, and activate Akt expressions in the 93RS2 Sertoli cell lines. Mol Cell Biochem. 2014;401:197–208. doi: 10.1007/s11010-014-2307-9. PubMed DOI

Abarikwu SO, Farombi EO, Kashyap MP, Pant AB. Kolaviron protects apoptotic cell death in PC12 cells exposed to Atrazine. Free Radic Res. 2011;45:1061–1073. doi: 10.3109/10715762.2011.593177. PubMed DOI

Abarikwu SO, Farombi EO, Pant AB. Biflavanone-kolaviron protects human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells against atrazine induced toxic insult. Toxicol In Vitro. 2011;25:848–858. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.02.005. PubMed DOI

Abarikwu SO, Njoku R-CC, John IG, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protective effects of rutin and kolaviron against busulfan-induced testicular injuries in rats. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2021 doi: 10.1080/19396368.2021.1989727. PubMed DOI

Abdallah HM, Almowallad FM, Esmat A, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids from Chrozophora tinctoria. Phytochem Lett. 2015;13:74–80. doi: 10.1016/j.phytol.2015.05.008. DOI

Acuña UM, Dastmalchi K, Basile MJ, Kennelly EJ. Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography photo-diode array (HPLC-PDA) analysis of benzophenones and biflavonoids in eight Garcinia species. J Food Compos Anal. 2012;25:215–220. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2011.10.006. DOI

Adaramoye OA. Comparative effects of vitamin E and kolaviron (a biflavonoid from Garcinia kola) on carbon tetrachloride-induced renal oxidative damage in mice. Pak J Biol Sci. 2009;12:1146–1151. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2009.1146.1151. PubMed DOI

Adaramoye OA. Antidiabetic effect of kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex isolated from Garcinia kola seeds, in Wistar rats. Afr Health Sci. 2012;12:498–506. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v12i4.16. PubMed DOI PMC

Adaramoye OA, Adeyemi EO. Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of fractions from kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex from Garcinia Kola in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2006;58:121–128. doi: 10.1211/jpp.58.1.0015. PubMed DOI

Adaramoye OA, Arisekola M. Kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex from Garcinia kola seeds, ameliorates ethanol-induced reproductive toxicity in male wistar rats. Niger J Physiol Sci. 2012;28:9–15. PubMed

Adaramoye OA, Nwaneri VO, Anyanwo KC, et al. Possible anti-atherogenic effect of kolaviron (a Garcinia kola seed extract) in hypercholesterolaemic rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2005;32:40–46. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2005.04146.x. PubMed DOI

Adaramoye OA, Farombi EO, Nssien M, et al. Hepatoprotective activity of purified fractions from Garcinia kola seeds in mice intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride. J Med Food. 2008;11:544–550. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2007.0539. PubMed DOI

Adaramoye OA, Akanni OO, Farombi EO. Nevirapine induces testicular toxicity in wistar rats: reversal effect of kolaviron (biflavonoid from Garcinia kola seeds) J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2013;24:313–320. doi: 10.1515/jbcpp-2012-0078. PubMed DOI

Adaramoye OA, Kehinde AO, Adefisan A, et al. Ameliorative effects of kolaviron, a biflavonoid fraction from Garcinia kola seed, on hepato-renal toxicity of anti-tuberculosis drugs in wistar rats. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 2016;41:14–21. PubMed

Adedara IA, Farombi EO. Chemoprotection of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats by kolaviron, isolated biflavonoid from Garcinia kola seed. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2012;31:506–517. doi: 10.1177/0960327111424301. PubMed DOI

Adedara IA, Farombi EO. Chemoprotective effects of kolaviron on ethylene glycol monoethyl ether-induced pituitary-thyroid axis toxicity in male rats. Andrologia. 2013;45:111–119. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2012.01321.x. PubMed DOI

Adedara IA, Farombi EO. Kolaviron protects against ethylene glycol monoethyl ether-induced toxicity in boar spermatozoa. Andrologia. 2014;46:399–407. doi: 10.1111/and.12095. PubMed DOI

Adedara IA, Owoeye O, Aiyegbusi MA, et al. Kolaviron protects against benzo[a]pyrene-induced functional alterations along the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis in male rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015;40:459–470. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.07.015. PubMed DOI

Adedara IA, Awogbindin IO, Maduako IC, et al. Kolaviron suppresses dysfunctional reproductive axis associated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes exposure in male rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2021;28:354–364. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-10324-y. PubMed DOI

Adesuyi AO, Elumm IK, Adaramola FB, Nwokocha AGM. Nutritional and phytochemical screening of Garcinia kola. Adv J Food Sci Technol. 2012;4:9–14.

Adewole KE, Gyebi GA, Ibrahim IM. Amyloid β fibrils disruption by kolaviron: molecular docking and extended molecular dynamics simulation studies. Comput Biol Chem. 2021 doi: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2021.107557. PubMed DOI

Adewole KE, Ishola AA, Omolaso BO. Identification of potential histone deacetylase inhibitory biflavonoids from Garcinia kola (Guttiferae) using in silico protein-ligand interaction. Phys Sci Rev. 2021 doi: 10.1515/psr-2020-0099. DOI

Adoga JO, Channa ML, Nadar A. Kolaviron attenuates cardiovascular injury in fructose-streptozotocin induced type-2 diabetic male rats by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and improving cardiovascular risk markers. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021 doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112323. PubMed DOI

Agboola OS, Oyagbemi AA, Omobowale TO, et al. Modulatory role of Kolaviron (KV), a biflavonoid from Garcinia kola, in sodium arsenite-induced hepatotoxicity and haematotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Int. 2016;23:54–62. doi: 10.22506/ti/2016/v23/i1/146671. DOI

Aggarwal V, Tuli HS, Kaur J, et al. Garcinol exhibits anti-neoplastic effects by targeting diverse oncogenic factors in tumor cells. Biomedicines. 2020;8:103. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines8050103. PubMed DOI PMC

Ainslie JR. List of plants used in native medicine in Nigeria. Oxford: Imperial Forestry Institute; 1937.

Ajani EO, Shallie PD, Adegbesan BO, et al. Protective effect of Garcinia Kola (Kolaviron) extract on predisposition of rats to cardiovascular diseases following separate administration of amodiaquine and artesunate. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2008;5:180–186. doi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v5i2.31271. PubMed DOI PMC

Ajayi TO, Moody JO, Fukushi Y, et al. Antimicrobial activity of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seed extracts and isolated constituents against caries-causing microorganisms. Afr J Biomed Res. 2014;17:165–171.

Akihisa T, Yasukawa K, Oinuma H, et al. Triterpene alcohols from the flowers of compositae and their anti-inflammatory effects. Phytochemistry. 1996;43:1255–1260. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00343-3. PubMed DOI

Akinmoladun AC, Saliu IO, Olowookere BD, et al. Improvement of 2-vessel occlusion cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion-induced corticostriatal electrolyte and redox imbalance, lactic acidosis and modified acetylcholinesterase activity by kolaviron correlates with reduction in neurobehavioural deficits. Ann Neurosci. 2018;25:53–62. doi: 10.1159/000484517. PubMed DOI PMC

Akinrinde AS, Olowu E, Oyagbemi AA, Omobowale OT. Gastrointestinal protective efficacy of Kolaviron (a bi-flavonoid from Garcinia kola) following a single administration of sodium arsenite in rats: biochemical and histopathological studies. Pharmacogn Res. 2015;7:268–276. doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.157978. PubMed DOI PMC

Akinrinde AS, Omobowale O, Oyagbemi A, et al. Protective effects of kolaviron and gallic acid against cobalt-chloride-induced cardiorenal dysfunction via suppression of oxidative stress and activation of the ERK signaling pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2016;94:1276–1284. doi: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0197. PubMed DOI

Akoro SM, Aiyelaagbe OO, Onocha PA, Gloer JB. Gakolanone: a new benzophenone derivative from Garcinia kola Heckel stem-bark. Nat Prod Res. 2020;34:241–250. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1528583. PubMed DOI

Alabi QK, Akomolafe RO. Kolaviron diminishes diclofenac-induced liver and kidney toxicity in wistar rats via suppressing inflammatory events, upregulating antioxidant defenses, and improving hematological indices. Dose-Response. 2020 doi: 10.1177/1559325819899256. PubMed DOI PMC

Alabi QK, Akomolafe RO, Olukiran OS, et al. The Garcinia kola biflavonoid kolaviron attenuates experimental hepatotoxicity induced by diclofenac. Pathophysiology. 2017;24:281–290. doi: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.07.003. PubMed DOI

Alabi QK, Akomolafe RO, Olukiran OS, et al. Kolaviron attenuates diclofenac-induced nephrotoxicity in male wistar rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2018;43:956–968. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0788. PubMed DOI

Altmann K-H, Gertsch J. Anticancer drugs from nature: natural products as a unique source of new microtubule-stabilizing agents. Nat Prod Rep. 2007;24:327–357. doi: 10.1039/b515619j. PubMed DOI

Awogbindin IO, Olaleye DO, Farombi EO. Kolaviron improves morbidity and suppresses mortality by mitigating oxido-inflammation in BALB/c mice infected with influenza virus. Viral Immunol. 2015;28:367–377. doi: 10.1089/vim.2015.0013. PubMed DOI PMC

Awogbindin IO, Olaleye DO, Farombi EO. Mechanistic perspective of the oxido-immunopathologic resolution property of kolaviron in mice influenza pneumonitis. APMIS. 2017;125:184–196. doi: 10.1111/apm.12640. PubMed DOI

Awogbindin IO, Maduako IC, Adedara IA, et al. Kolaviron ameliorates hepatic and renal dysfunction associated with multiwalled carbon nanotubes in rats. Environ Toxicol. 2021;36:67–76. doi: 10.1002/tox.23011. PubMed DOI

Ayepola OR, Brooks NL, Oguntibeju OO. Kolaviron improved resistance to oxidative stress and inflammation in the blood (erythrocyte, serum, and plasma) of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Sci World J. 2014 doi: 10.1155/2014/921080. PubMed DOI PMC

Ayepola OR, Cerf ME, Brooks NL, Oguntibeju OO. Kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex of Garcinia kola seeds modulates apoptosis by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes-induced nephrotoxic rats. Phytomedicine. 2014;21:1785–1793. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.09.006. PubMed DOI

Azebaze AGB, Teinkela JEM, Nguemfo EL, et al. Antiplasmodial activity of some phenolic compounds from cameroonians allanblackia. Afr Health Sci. 2015;15:835–840. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v15i3.18. PubMed DOI PMC

Azzi A, Zingg J-M. Vitamin E: textbooks require updating. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. 2005;33:184–187. doi: 10.1002/bmb.2005.494033032451. PubMed DOI

Baggett S, Protiva P, Mazzola EP, et al. Bioactive benzophenones from Garcinia xanthochymus fruits. J Nat Prod. 2005;68:354–360. doi: 10.1021/np0497595. PubMed DOI

Bajorath J. Evolution of assay interference concepts in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2021;16:719–721. doi: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1902983. PubMed DOI

Baker M. Deceptive curcumin offers cautionary tale for chemists. Nature. 2017;541:144–145. doi: 10.1038/541144a. PubMed DOI

Balasubramanyam K, Altaf M, Varier RA, et al. Polyisoprenylated benzophenone, garcinol, a natural histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, represses chromatin transcription and alters global gene expression. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:33716–33726. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M402839200. PubMed DOI

Bartolini D, De Franco F, Torquato P, et al. Garcinoic acid is a natural and selective agonist of pregnane X receptor. J Med Chem. 2020;63:3701–3712. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00012. PubMed DOI PMC

Baureithel KH, Büter KB, Engesser A, et al. Inhibition of benzodiazepine binding in vitro by amentoflavone, a constituent of various species of Hypericum. Pharm Acta Helv. 1997;72:153–157. doi: 10.1016/S0031-6865(97)00002-2. PubMed DOI

Bezerra ÉA, Alves MMM, Lima SKR, et al. Biflavones from platonia insignis mart. Flowers promote in vitro antileishmanial and immunomodulatory effects against internalized amastigote forms of leishmania amazonensis. Pathogens. 2021 doi: 10.3390/pathogens10091166. PubMed DOI PMC

Bickii J, Tchouya GRF, Tchouankeu JC, Tsamo E. The antiplasmodial agents of the stem bark of Entandrophragma angolense (Meliaceae) Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2006;4:135–139. PubMed PMC

Birringer M, Lington D, Vertuani S, et al. Proapoptotic effects of long-chain vitamin E metabolites in HepG2 cells are mediated by oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010;49:1315–1322. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.07.024. PubMed DOI

Bracken MB. Why animal studies are often poor predictors of human reactions to exposure. J R Soc Med. 2009;102:120–122. doi: 10.1258/jrsm.2008.08k033. PubMed DOI PMC

Braide VB. Antihepatotoxic biochemical effects of kolaviron, a biflavonoid of Garcinia kola seeds. Phytother Res. 1991;5:35–37. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2650050110. DOI

Brigelius-Flohé R. Adverse effects of vitamin E by induction of drug metabolism. Genes Nutr. 2007;2:249–256. doi: 10.1007/s12263-007-0055-0. PubMed DOI PMC

Brusotti G, Papetti A, Serra M, et al. Allanblackia floribunda Oliv.: an aphrodisiac plant with vasorelaxant properties. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;192:480–485. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.033. PubMed DOI

Bucar F, Jackak SM, Noreen Y, et al. Amentoflavone from Biophytum sensitivum and its effect on COX-1/COX-2 catalysed prostaglandin biosynthesis. Planta Med. 1998;64:373–374. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957455. PubMed DOI

Cao B, Zeng M, Zhang Q, et al. Amentoflavone ameliorates memory deficits and abnormal autophagy in Aβ25–35-induced mice by mTOR signaling. Neurochem Res. 2021;46:921–934. doi: 10.1007/s11064-020-03223-8. PubMed DOI

Chatterjee A, Bagchi D, Yasmin T, Stohs SJ. Antimicrobial effects of antioxidants with and without clarithromycin on Helicobacter pylori. Mol Cell Biochem. 2005;270:125–130. doi: 10.1007/s11010-005-5277-0. PubMed DOI

Cheah IK, Halliwell B. Ergothioneine, recent developments. Redox Biol. 2021;42:101868. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101868. PubMed DOI PMC

Cheek M (2004) Garcinia kola. IUCN Red List Threat Species e.T34715A9884648

Chen C, Li B, Cheng G, et al. Amentoflavone ameliorates Aβ1–42-induced memory deficits and oxidative stress in cellular and rat model. Neurochem Res. 2018;43:857–868. doi: 10.1007/s11064-018-2489-8. PubMed DOI

Chetia Phukan B, Dutta A, Deb S, et al. Garcinol blocks motor behavioural deficits by providing dopaminergic neuroprotection in MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease: involvement of anti-inflammatory response. Exp Brain Res. 2022;240:113–122. doi: 10.1007/s00221-021-06237-y. PubMed DOI

Corona A, Seibt S, Schaller D, et al. Garcinol from Garcinia indica inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-associated ribonuclease H. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021;354:2100123. doi: 10.1002/ardp.202100123. PubMed DOI

Cos P, Vlietinck AJ, Berghe DV, Maes L. Anti-infective potential of natural products: how to develop a stronger in vitro “proof-of-concept”. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106:290–302. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.04.003. PubMed DOI

Coulerie P, Nour M, Maciuk A, et al. Structure-activity relationship study of biflavonoids on the dengue virus polymerase DENV-NS5 RdRp. Planta Med. 2013;79:1313–1318. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1350672. PubMed DOI

Deb S, Phukan BC, Mazumder MK, et al. Garcinol, a multifaceted sword for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Neurochem Int. 2019;128:50–57. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.04.004. PubMed DOI

Decha-Dier U, Hutadilok-Towatana N, Mahabusarakam W, et al. Anti-atherogenic effects of morelloflavone from Garcinia dulcis leaves in cholesterol fed rabbits. J Nat Remedies. 2008;8:151–159.

Dewick PM. Medicinal natural products: a biosynthetic approach. 3. Chichester: Wiley; 2009.

Dogara AM, Hamad SW, Hama HA, et al. Biological evaluation of Garcinia kola Heckel. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci. 2022 doi: 10.1155/2022/3837965. PubMed DOI PMC

Dozie-Nwakile OC, Dozie NC, Kingsley UI, et al. Effects of kolaviron on pneumonia-like infection induced in albino wistar rats. Anti-Inflamm Anti-Allergy Agents Med Chem. 2021;20:219–227. doi: 10.2174/1871523019666200915085729. PubMed DOI

E Silva AKF, Dos Reis AC, Pinheiro EEA, et al. Modulation of the drug resistance by platonia insignis mart. Extract, ethyl acetate fraction and morelloflavone/volkensiflavone (biflavonoids) in staphylococcus aureus strains overexpressing efflux pump genes. Curr Drug Metab. 2021;22:114–122. doi: 10.2174/1389200221666200523155617. PubMed DOI

Eleazu CO, Eleazu KC, Awa E, Chukwuma SC. Comparative study of the phytochemical composition of the leaves of five Nigerian medicinal plants. J Biotechnol Pharm Res. 2012;3:42–46.

Eleyinmi AF, Bressler DC, Amoo IA, et al. Chemical composition of bitter cola (Garcinia kola) seed and hulls. Pol J Food Nutr Sci. 2006;15:395.

El-Seedi HR, El-Ghorab DMH, El-Barbary MA, et al. Naturally occurring xanthones; latest investigations: isolation, structure elucidation and chemosystematic significance. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16:2581–2626. doi: 10.2174/092986709788682056. PubMed DOI

Emmanuel O, Uche ME, Dike ED, et al. A review on garcinia kola heckel: traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and toxicology. Biomarkers. 2022;27:101–117. doi: 10.1080/1354750X.2021.2016974. PubMed DOI

Erukainure OL, Salau VF, Chukwuma CI, Islam MS. Kolaviron: a biflavonoid with numerous health benefits. Curr Pharm Des. 2021;27:490–504. doi: 10.2174/1381612826666201113094303. PubMed DOI

Fan Y, Adam TJ, McEwan R, et al. Detecting signals of interactions between warfarin and dietary supplements in electronic health records. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2017;245:370–374. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-830-3-370. PubMed DOI PMC

Farombi EO. Genotoxicity of chloroquine in rat liver cells: protective role of free radical scavengers. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2006;22:159–167. doi: 10.1007/s10565-006-0173-2. PubMed DOI

Farombi EO, Tahnteng JG, Agboola AO, et al. Chemoprevention of 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced hepatotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in rats by kolaviron: a Garcinia kola seed extract. Food Chem Toxicol. 2000;38:535–541. doi: 10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00039-9. PubMed DOI

Farombi EO, Adepoju BF, Ola-Davies OE, Emerole GO. Chemoprevention of aflatoxin B1-induced genotoxicity and hepatic oxidative damage in rats by kolaviron, a natural biflavonoid of Garcinia kola seeds. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2005;14:207–214. doi: 10.1097/00008469-200506000-00003. PubMed DOI

Farombi EO, Abarikwu SO, Adedara IA, Oyeyemi MO. Curcumin and kolaviron ameliorate di-n-butylphthalate-induced testicular damage in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;100:43–48. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00005.x. PubMed DOI

Farombi EO, Shrotriya S, Surh Y-J. Kolaviron inhibits dimethyl nitrosamine-induced liver injury by suppressing COX-2 and iNOS expression via NF-κB and AP-1. Life Sci. 2009;84:149–155. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.11.012. PubMed DOI

Farombi EO, Adedara IA, Akinrinde SA, et al. Protective effects of kolaviron and quercetin on cadmium-induced testicular damage and endocrine pathology in rats. Andrologia. 2012;44:273–284. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2012.01279.x. PubMed DOI

Farombi EO, Abolaji AO, Farombi TH, et al. Garcinia kola seed biflavonoid fraction (Kolaviron), increases longevity and attenuates rotenone-induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2018;145:39–45. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.01.002. PubMed DOI

Farombi EO, Awogbindin IO, Farombi TH, et al. Neuroprotective role of kolaviron in striatal redo-inflammation associated with rotenone model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotoxicology. 2019;73:132–141. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.03.005. PubMed DOI

Farombi EO, Awogbindin IO, Olorunkalu PD, et al. Kolaviron protects against nigrostriatal degeneration and gut oxidative damage in a stereotaxic rotenone model of Parkinson’s disease. Psychopharmacology. 2020;237:3225–3236. doi: 10.1007/s00213-020-05605-w. PubMed DOI

Farombi EO, Awogbindin IO, Owoeye O, et al. Kolaviron ameliorates behavioural deficit and injury to striatal dopaminergic terminals via modulation of oxidative burden, DJ-1 depletion and CD45R+ cells infiltration in MPTP-model of Parkinson’s disease. Metab Brain Dis. 2020;35:933–946. doi: 10.1007/s11011-020-00578-3. PubMed DOI

Ferenci P. Silymarin in the treatment of liver diseases: what is the clinical evidence? Clin Liver Dis. 2016;7:8–10. doi: 10.1002/cld.522. PubMed DOI PMC

Ferreira J, Floriani AEO, Filho VC, et al. Antinociceptive properties of the methanolic extract and two triterpenes isolated from Epidendrum mosenii stems (Orchidaceae) Life Sci. 2000;66:791–802. doi: 10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00652-9. PubMed DOI

Ferriero R, Nusco E, De Cegli R, et al. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and lactate dehydrogenase are targets for therapy of acute liver failure. J Hepatol. 2018;69:325–335. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.016. PubMed DOI PMC

Fuchs RA, McLaughlin RJ. Garcinol: a magic bullet of amnesia for maladaptive memories? Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42:581–583. doi: 10.1038/npp.2016.165. PubMed DOI PMC

Fuhr U, Klittich K, Staib A. Inhibitory effect of grapefruit juice and its bitter principal, naringenin, on CYP1A2 dependent metabolism of caffeine in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1993;35:431–436. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1993.tb04162.x. PubMed DOI PMC

Gertsch J. How scientific is the science in ethnopharmacology? Historical perspectives and epistemological problems. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122:177–183. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.01.010. PubMed DOI

Gil B, Sanz MJ, Terencio MC, et al. Morelloflavone, a novel biflavonoid inhibitor of human secretory phospholipase A2 with anti-inflammatory activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997;53:733–740. doi: 10.1016/S0006-2952(96)00773-3. PubMed DOI

Gomes AS, Brandão P, Fernandes CSG, et al. Drug-like properties and ADME of xanthone derivatives: the antechamber of clinical trials. Curr Med Chem. 2016;23:3654–3686. doi: 10.2174/0929867323666160425113058. PubMed DOI

Gwatidzo L, Botha BM, McCrindle RI, Combrinck S. Extraction and identification of phytosterols in manketti (Schinziophyton rautanenii) nut oil. JAOCS J Am Oil Chem Soc. 2014;91:783–794. doi: 10.1007/s11746-014-2417-2. DOI

Halliwell B. Free radicals and antioxidants: updating a personal view. Nutr Rev. 2012;70:257–265. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00476.x. PubMed DOI

Halliwell B, Cheah IK, Tang RMY. Ergothioneine: a diet-derived antioxidant with therapeutic potential. FEBS Lett. 2018;592:3357–3366. doi: 10.1002/1873-3468.13123. PubMed DOI

Hao F, Jia L-H, Li X-W, et al. Garcinol upregulates GABAA and GAD65 expression, modulates BDNF-TrkB pathway to reduce seizures in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epilepsy. Med Sci Monit. 2016;22:4415–4425. doi: 10.12659/MSM.897579. PubMed DOI PMC

Hatakeyama D, Shoji M, Yamayoshi S, et al. A novel functional site in the PB2 subunit of influenza a virus essential for acetyl-CoA interaction, RNA polymerase activity, and viral replication. J Biol Chem. 2014;289:24980–24994. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.559708. PubMed DOI PMC

Hioki Y, Onwona-Agyeman S, Kakumu Y, et al. Garcinoic acids and a benzophenone derivative from the seeds of Garcinia kola and their antibacterial activities against oral bacterial pathogenic organisms. J Nat Prod. 2020;83:2087–2092. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01045. PubMed DOI

Hu C, Tompson D, Magee M, et al. Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of the novel lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 enzyme inhibitor darapladib in healthy Chinese subjects: an open label phase-1 clinical trial. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:139862. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139862. PubMed DOI PMC

Hu H, Zhao H, Wu Z, Rao M. Effects of garcinoic acid on cardiac function and its mechanism in post-myocardial infarction rats. Med J Wuhan Univ. 2020;41:188–192. doi: 10.14188/j.1671-8852.2019.0924. DOI

Huang W-C, Kuo K-T, Adebayo BO, et al. Garcinol inhibits cancer stem cell-like phenotype via suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin/STAT3 axis signalling pathway in human non-small cell lung carcinomas. J Nutr Biochem. 2018;54:140–150. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.12.008. PubMed DOI

Hung WL, Liu CM, Lai CS, et al. Inhibitory effect of garcinol against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced skin inflammation and tumorigenesis in mice. J Funct Foods. 2015;18:432–444. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.07.019. DOI

Hussain RA, Owegby AG, Waterman PG. Kolanone, a novel polyisoprenylated benzophenone with antimicrobial properties from the fruit of Garcinia kola. Planta Med. 1982;44:78–81. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-971406. PubMed DOI

Hyun JJ, Woo SS, Yeo S-H, et al. Antifungal effect of amentoflavone derived from Selaginella tamariscina. Arch Pharm Res. 2006;29:746–751. doi: 10.1007/bf02974074. PubMed DOI

Ibironke GF, Fasanmade AA. Analgesic and central nervous system depressant activities of kolaviron (A Garcinia kola biflavonoid complex) Afr J Biomed Res. 2015;18:217–223.

Ibironke GF, Fasanmade AA. Neuroprotective effects of kolaviron against psycho-emotional stress induced oxidative brain injury in rats: the whisker removal model. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2016;45:253–260. PubMed

Igado OO, Olopade JO, Adesida A, et al. Morphological and biochemical investigation into the possible neuroprotective effects of kolaviron (Garcinia kola bioflavonoid) on the brains of rats exposed to vanadium. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2012;35:371–380. doi: 10.3109/01480545.2011.630005. PubMed DOI

Iinuma M, Tosa H, Tanaka T, et al. Antibacterial activity of some Garcinia benzophenone derivatives against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biol Pharm Bull. 1996;19:311–314. doi: 10.1248/bpb.19.311. PubMed DOI

Ijomone OM, Obi AU. Kolaviron, isolated from Garcinia kola, inhibits acetylcholinesterase activities in the hippocampus and striatum of Wistar rats. Ann Neurosci. 2013;20:42–46. doi: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.200203. PubMed DOI PMC

Ijomone OM, Nwoha PU, Olaibi OK, et al. Neuroprotective effects of kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex of Garcinia kola, on rats hippocampus against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. Maced J Med Sci. 2012;5:10–16. doi: 10.3889/MJMS.1857-5773.2011.0203. DOI

Ikpesu TO, Tongo I, Ariyo A. Restorative prospective of powdered seeds extract of Garcinia kola in Chrysichthys furcatus induced with glyphosate formulation. Chin J Biol. 2014 doi: 10.1155/2014/854157. DOI

Ishola IO, Chaturvedi JP, Rai S, et al. Evaluation of amentoflavone isolated from Cnestis ferruginea Vahl ex DC (Connaraceae) on production of inflammatory mediators in LPS stimulated rat astrocytoma cell line (C6) and THP-1 cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;146:440–448. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.015. PubMed DOI

Ishola IO, Adamson FM, Adeyemi OO. Ameliorative effect of kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex from Garcinia kola seeds against scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats: role of antioxidant defense system. Metab Brain Dis. 2017;32:235–245. doi: 10.1007/s11011-016-9902-2. PubMed DOI

Ito C, Itoigawa M, Miyamoto Y, et al. A new biflavonoid from Calophyllum panciflorum with antitumor-promoting activity. J Nat Prod. 1999;62:1668–1671. doi: 10.1021/np990065j. PubMed DOI

Iwu M, Igboko O. Flavonoids of Garcinia kola seeds. J Nat Prod. 1982;45:650–651. doi: 10.1021/np50023a026. DOI

Iwu MM, Igboko OA, Elekwa OK, Tempesta MS. Prevention of thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity by biflavanones of Garcinia kola. Phytother Res. 1990;4:157–159. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2650040407. DOI

Iwu MM, Igboko OA, Okunji CO, Tempesta MS. Antidiabetic and aldose reductase activities of biflavanones of Garcinia kola. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1990;42:290–292. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1990.tb05412.x. PubMed DOI

Iwu MM, Igboko OA, Tempesta MS. Biflavonoid constituents of Garcinia kola roots. Fitoterapia. 1990;61:178–181.

Iwu M, Duncan C, Okunji CO. Perspectives on new crops and new uses. Alexandria: ASHS Press; 1999.

Iwu MM, Diop AD, Meserole L, Okunji CO. Garcinia kola: a new look at an old adaptogenic agent. In: Iwu MM, Wootton J, editors. Advances in phytomedicine. 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2002. pp. 191–199.

Jackson DN, Yang L, Wu S, et al. Garcinia xanthochymus benzophenones promote hyphal apoptosis and potentiate activity of fluconazole against Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:6032–6038. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00820-15. PubMed DOI PMC

Jamila N, Khairuddean M, Khan SN, Khan N. Complete NMR assignments of bioactive rotameric (3→8) biflavonoids from the bark of Garcinia hombroniana. Magn Reson Chem. 2014;52:345–352. doi: 10.1002/mrc.4071. PubMed DOI

Jeffers V, Gao H, Checkley LA, et al. Garcinol inhibits GCN5-mediated lysine acetyltransferase activity and prevents replication of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:2164–2170. doi: 10.1128/AAC.03059-15. PubMed DOI PMC

Jouda J-B, Tamokou J-D, Mbazoa CD, et al. Antibacterial and cytotoxic cytochalasins from the endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. harbored in Garcinia kola (Heckel) nut. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016 doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1454-9. PubMed DOI PMC

Kabangu K, Galeffi C, Aonzo E. A new biflavanone from the bark of Garcinia kola. Planta Med. 1987;53:275–277. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-962704. PubMed DOI

Kalgutkar AS, Crews BC, Rowlinson SW, et al. Biochemically based design of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors: facile conversion of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs to potent and highly selective COX-2 inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:925–930. doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.2.925. PubMed DOI PMC

Kalu WO, Okafor PN, Ijeh II, Eleazu C. Effect of kolaviron, a biflavanoid complex from Garcinia kola on some biochemical parameters in experimentally induced benign prostatic hyperplasic rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016;83:1436–1443. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.08.064. PubMed DOI

Kelly TR, Szabados A, Lee Y-J. Total synthesis of garcifuran B. J Org Chem. 1997;62:428–429. doi: 10.1021/jo9615662. PubMed DOI

Kilpatrick IC, Traut M, Heal DJ. Monoamine oxidase inhibition is unlikely to be relevant to the risks associated with phentermine and fenfluramine: a comparison with their abilities to evoke monoamine release. Int J Obes. 2001;25:1454–1458. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801732. PubMed DOI

Kim HK, Son KH, Chang HW, et al. Amentoflavone, a plant biflavone: a new potential anti-inflammatory agent. Arch Pharm Res. 1998;21:406–410. doi: 10.1007/BF02974634. PubMed DOI

Klein EA, Thompson IM, Jr, Tangen CM, et al. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial (SELECT) J Am Med Assoc. 2011;306:1549–1556. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1437. PubMed DOI PMC

Klein-Júnior LC, Campos A, Niero R, et al. Xanthones and cancer: from natural sources to mechanisms of action. Chem Biodivers. 2020 doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201900499. PubMed DOI

Kluge S, Schubert M, Schmölz L, et al. Garcinoic acid: a promising bioactive natural product for better understanding the physiological functions of tocopherol metabolites. In: Ur Rahman A, et al., editors. Studies in natural products chemistry. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2016. pp. 435–481.

Konziase B. Protective activity of biflavanones from Garcinia kola against plasmodium infection. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;172:214–218. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.038. PubMed DOI

Kopytko P, Piotrowska K, Janisiak J, Tarnowski M. Garcinol—a natural histone acetyltransferase inhibitor and new anti-cancer epigenetic drug. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:1–11. doi: 10.3390/ijms22062828. PubMed DOI PMC

Lau OD, Kundu TK, Soccio RE, et al. HATs off: Selective synthetic inhibitors of the histone acetyltransferases p300 and PCAF. Mol Cell. 2000;5:589–595. doi: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80452-9. PubMed DOI

Lee JS, Sul JY, Park JB, et al. Fatty acid synthase inhibition by amentoflavone suppresses HER2/neu (erbB2) oncogene in SKBR3 human breast cancer cells. Phytother Res. 2013;27:713–720. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4778. PubMed DOI

Lee P-S, Teng C-Y, Kalyanam N, et al. Garcinol reduces obesity in high-fat-diet-fed mice by modulating gut microbiota composition. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2019;63:1800390. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201800390. PubMed DOI

Lee P-S, Nagabhushanam K, Ho C-T, Pan M-H. Inhibitory effect of garcinol on obesity-exacerbated, colitis-mediated colon carcinogenesis. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2021;65:2100410. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.202100410. PubMed DOI

Li F, Shanmugam MK, Chen L, et al. Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone modulates multiple proinfl ammatory signaling cascades leading to the suppression of growth and survival of head and neck carcinoma. Cancer Prev Res (phila Pa) 2013;6:843–854. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-13-0070. PubMed DOI

Li X, Ai H, Sun D, et al. Anti-tumoral activity of native compound morelloflavone in glioma. Oncol Lett. 2016;12:3373–3377. doi: 10.3892/ol.2016.5094. PubMed DOI PMC

Lin Y-M, Anderson H, Flavin MT, et al. In vitro anti-HIV activity of biflavonoids isolated from Rhus succedanea and Garcinia multiflora. J Nat Prod. 1997;60:884–888. doi: 10.1021/np9700275. PubMed DOI

Lin S-H, Huang K-J, Weng C-F, Shiuan D. Exploration of natural product ingredients as inhibitors of human HMG-CoA reductase through structure-based virtual screening. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:3313–3324. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S84641. PubMed DOI PMC

Liu C, Ho PCL, Wong FC, et al. Garcinol: Current status of its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Cancer Lett. 2015;362:8–14. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.019. PubMed DOI

Liu S, Yang X, Zhang H, et al. Amentoflavone attenuates Clostridium perfringens gas gangrene by targeting alpha-toxin and Perfringolysin O. Front Pharmacol. 2020 doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00179. PubMed DOI PMC

Lobstein-Guth A, Briancon-Scheid F, Victoire C, et al. Isolation of amentoflavone from Ginkgo biloba. Planta Med. 1988;54:555–556. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-962549. PubMed DOI

Luzzi R, Guimarães CL, Verdi LG, et al. Isolation of biflavonoids with analgesic activity from Rheedia gardneriana leaves. Phytomedicine. 1997;4:141–144. doi: 10.1016/S0944-7113(97)80060-8. PubMed DOI

Lv X, Zhang J-B, Wang X-X, et al. Amentoflavone is a potent broad-spectrum inhibitor of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Chem Biol Interact. 2018;284:48–55. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.009. PubMed DOI

Lyseng-Williamson KA, Perry CM. Micronised purified flavonoid fraction: a review of its use in chronic venous insufficiency, venous ulcers and haemorrhoids. Drugs. 2003;63:71–100. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200363010-00005. PubMed DOI

Madubunyi II. Antimicrobial activities of the constituents of Garcinia kola seeds. Int J Pharmacogn. 1995;33:232–237. doi: 10.3109/13880209509065369. DOI

Maňourová A, Leuner O, Tchoundjeu Z, et al. Medicinal potential, utilization and domestication status of bitter kola (Garcinia kola Heckel) in West and Central Africa. Forests. 2019 doi: 10.3390/f10020124. DOI

Mantelingu K, Reddy BAA, Swaminathan V, et al. Specific inhibition of p300-HAT alters global gene expression and represses HIV replication. Chem Biol. 2007;14:645–657. doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.04.011. PubMed DOI

Marinelli R, Torquato P, Bartolini D, et al. Garcinoic acid prevents β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the mouse brain. J Biol Chem. 2020;295:11866–11876. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA120.013303. PubMed DOI PMC

Mazumder MK, Bhattacharjee N, Borah A. Garcinol prevents hyperhomocysteinemia and enhances bioavailability of L-DOPA by inhibiting catechol-O-methyltransferase: an in silico approach. Med Chem Res. 2016;25:116–122. doi: 10.1007/s00044-015-1472-z. DOI

Mazumder MK, Paul R, Phukan BC, et al. Garcinol, an effective monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Med Hypotheses. 2018;117:54–58. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.06.009. PubMed DOI

Mazzini F, Betti M, Netscher T, et al. Configuration of the vitamin E analogue garcinoic acid extracted from Garcinia Kola seeds. Chirality. 2009;21:519–524. doi: 10.1002/chir.20630. PubMed DOI

Mbwambo ZH, Kapingu MC, Moshi MJ, et al. Antiparasitic activity of some xanthones and biflavonoids from the root bark of Garcinia livingstonei. J Nat Prod. 2006;69:369–372. doi: 10.1021/np050406v. PubMed DOI

Miladiyah I, Jumina J, Haryana SM, Mustofa M. Biological activity, quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis, and molecular docking of xanthone derivatives as anticancer drugs. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;12:149–158. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S149973. PubMed DOI PMC

Miller WR. Background and development of aromatase inhibitors. In: Furr BJA, editor. Aromatase inhibitors. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag; 2006. pp. 1–22.

Monago CC, Akhidue V. Estimation of tannin, saponin, oxalate, cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides in Garsinia kola. J Appl Sci Environ Manag. 2002;6:22–25.

Monsey MS, Sanchez H, Taylor JR. The naturally occurring compound Garcinia indica selectively impairs the reconsolidation of a cocaine-associated memory. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42:587–597. doi: 10.1038/npp.2016.117. PubMed DOI PMC

Mountessou BYG, Tchamgoue J, Paul Dzoyem J, et al. Two xanthones and two rotameric (3 → 8) biflavonoids from the Cameroonian medicinal plant Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. (Guttiferae) Tetrahedron Lett. 2018;59:4545–4550. doi: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.11.035. DOI

Na M, Kim KA, Oh H, et al. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitory activity of amentoflavone and its cellular effect on tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptors. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007;30:379–381. doi: 10.1248/bpb.30.379. PubMed DOI

Negi PS, Jayaprakasha GK. Control of foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria by garcinol and garcinia indicaextracts, and their antioxidant activity. J Food Sci. 2004;69:FMS61–FMS65. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb13372.x. DOI

Niwa M, Terashima K, Aqil M. Garcinol, a novel arylbenzofuran derivative from Garcinia kola. Heterocycles. 1993;36:671–673. doi: 10.3987/COM-92-6291. DOI

Niwa M, Ito J, Terashima K, Aqil M. Garcipyran, a novel 6-aryl-1,2-benzopyran derivative from Garcinia kola. Heterocycles. 1994;38:1927–1932. doi: 10.3987/COM-94-6773. DOI

Niwa M, Terashima K, Ito J, Aqil M. Two novel arylbenzofurans, garcifuran-A and garcifuran-B from Garcinia kola. Heterocycles. 1994;38:1071–1076. doi: 10.3987/COM-93-6667. DOI

Nokhala A, Siddiqui MJ, Ahmed QU, et al. Investigation of α-glucosidase inhibitory metabolites from Tetracera scandens leaves by GC–MS metabolite profiling and docking studies. Biomolecules. 2020 doi: 10.3390/biom10020287. PubMed DOI PMC

Nworu CS, Akah PA, Esimone CO, et al. Immunomodulatory activities of kolaviron, a mixture of three related biflavonoids of Garcinia kola Heckel. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2008;30:317–332. doi: 10.1080/08923970801925430. PubMed DOI

Offor U, Ajayi SA, Jegede IA, et al. Renal histoarchitectural changes in nevirapine therapy: possible role of kolaviron and vitamin C in an experimental animal model. Afr Health Sci. 2017;17:164–174. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v17i1.21. PubMed DOI PMC

Oike T, Ogiwara H, Torikai K, et al. Garcinol, a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, radiosensitizes cancer cells by inhibiting non-homologous end joining. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;84:815–821. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.01.017. PubMed DOI

Ojo OA, Ojo AB, Maimako RF, et al. Exploring the potentials of some compounds from Garcinia kola seeds towards identification of novel PDE-5 inhibitors in erectile dysfunction therapy. Andrologia. 2021 doi: 10.1111/and.14092. PubMed DOI

Okafor AI, Onyike E. Inhibition of key enzymes linked to snake venom induced local tissue damage by kolaviron. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2020 doi: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0176. PubMed DOI

Okoko T. In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Garcinia kola seeds. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47:2620–2623. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.07.023. PubMed DOI

Okoko T. Kolaviron and selenium reduce hydrogen peroxide-induced alterations of the inflammatory response. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2018;16:485–490. doi: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.02.004. PubMed DOI PMC

Okoko T, Ndoni SA. Protective effect of kolaviron on bromate-induced toxicity on raw u937 cells and macrophages. Malays J Biochem Mol Biol. 2021;24:169–174.

Okoye TC, Uzor PF, Onyeto CA, Okerere EK. Safe African medicinal plants for clinical studies. In: Kuete V, editor. Toxicological survey of African medicinal plants. London: Elsevier; 2014. pp. 535–555.

Okwu DE. Phytochemicals, vitamins and mineral contents of two Nigerian medicinal plants. Int J Mol Med Adv Sci. 2005;1:375–381.

Ola OS, Adewole KE. Anticlastogenic and hepatoprotective effects of Kolaviron on sodium valproate-induced oxidative toxicity in Wistar rats. Egypt J Basic Appl Sci. 2021;8:167–179. doi: 10.1080/2314808X.2021.1928974. DOI

Olajide OJ, Enaibe BU, Bankole OO, et al. Kolaviron was protective against sodium azide (NaN3) induced oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortex. Metab Brain Dis. 2015;31:25–35. doi: 10.1007/s11011-015-9674-0. PubMed DOI

Olajide OJ, Akinola BO, Ajao SM, Enaibe BU. Sodium azide-induced degenerative changes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of rats: attenuating mechanisms of kolaviron. Eur J Anat. 2016;20:47–64.

Olajide OA, Iwuanyanwu VU, Lepiarz-Raba I, et al. Garcinia kola and garcinoic acid suppress SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein S1-induced hyper-inflammation in human PBMCs through inhibition of NF-κB activation. Phytother Res. 2021;35:6963–6973. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7315. PubMed DOI PMC

Olaleye SB, Farombi EO. Attenuation of indomethacin- and HCl/ethanol-induced oxidative gastric mucosa damage in rats by kolaviron, a natural biflavonoid of Garcinia kola seed. Phytother Res. 2006;20:14–20. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1793. PubMed DOI

Olaleye SB, Onasanwo SA, Ige AO, et al. Anti-inflammatory activities of a kolaviron-inhibition of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in activated macrophage-like cell line. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2010;39(Suppl):41–46. PubMed

Olatoye FJ, Akindele AJ, Onwe S. Ameliorative effect of Kolaviron, an extract of Garcinia kola seeds, on induced hypertension. J Complement Integr Med. 2021 doi: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0354. PubMed DOI

Olatunde Farombi E. Mechanisms for the hepatoprotective action of kolaviron: studies on hepatic enzymes, microsomal lipids and lipid peroxidation in carbontetrachloride-treated rats. Pharmacol Res. 2000;42:75–80. doi: 10.1006/phrs.1999.0648. PubMed DOI

Oluwatosin A, Tolulope A, Ayokulehin K, et al. Antimalarial potential of kolaviron, a biflavonoid from Garcinia kola seeds, against Plasmodium berghei infection in Swiss albino mice. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7:97–104. doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60003-1. PubMed DOI

Omole JG, Ayoka OA, Alabi QK, et al. Protective effect of kolaviron on cyclophosphamide-induced cardiac toxicity in rats. J Evid-Based Integr Med. 2018 doi: 10.1177/2156587218757649. PubMed DOI PMC

Omotoso GO, Olajide OJ, Gbadamosi IT, et al. Kolaviron protects the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus against histomorphological and neurobehavioural changes in cuprizone model of multiple sclerosis. Malays J Med Sci. 2018;25:50–63. doi: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.2.6. PubMed DOI PMC

Omotoso GO, Ukwubile II, Arietarhire L, et al. Kolaviron protects the brain in cuprizone-induced model of experimental multiple sclerosis via enhancement of intrinsic antioxidant mechanisms: Possible therapeutic applications? Pathophysiology. 2018;25:299–306. doi: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.04.004. PubMed DOI

Omotoso GO, Olajide OJ, Gbadamosi IT, et al. Cuprizone toxicity and Garcinia kola biflavonoid complex activity on hippocampal morphology and neurobehaviour. Heliyon. 2019 doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02102. PubMed DOI PMC

Omotoso GO, Arietarhire LO, Ukwubile II, Gbadamosi IT. Research paper: the protective effect of kolaviron on molecular, cellular, and behavioral characterization of cerebellum in the rat model of demyelinating diseases. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2020;11:609–618. doi: 10.32604/ONCOLOGIE.2020.014449. PubMed DOI PMC

Omotoso GO, Mutholib NY, Abdulsalam FA, Bature AI. Kolaviron protects against cognitive deficits and cortico-hippocampal perturbations associated with maternal deprivation in rats. Anat Cell Biol. 2020;53:95–106. doi: 10.5115/acb.19.160. PubMed DOI PMC

Onasanwo SA, Singh N, Olaleye SB, Palit G. Anti-ulcerogenic and proton pump (H+, K+ ATPase) inhibitory activity of Kolaviron from Garcinia kola Heckel in rodents. Indian J Exp Biol. 2011;49:461–468. PubMed

Onyekwelu JC, Oyewale O, Stimm B, Mosandl R. Antioxidant, nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of Garcinia kola and Chrysophyllum albidum from rainforest ecosystem of Ondo State, Nigeria. J For Res. 2015;26:417–424. doi: 10.1007/s11676-015-0068-2. DOI

Owoeye O, Adedara IA, Bakare OS, et al. Kolaviron and vitamin e ameliorate hematotoxicity and oxidative stress in brains of prepubertal rats treated with an anticonvulsant phenytoin. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2014;24:353–361. doi: 10.3109/15376516.2014.913752. PubMed DOI

Owoeye O, Adedara IA, Adeyemo OA, et al. Modulatory role of kolaviron in phenytoin-induced hepatic and testicular dysfunctions in wistar rats. J Diet Suppl. 2015;12:105–117. doi: 10.3109/19390211.2014.952862. PubMed DOI

Oyagbemi A, Omobowale T, Farombi E. Kolaviron and Garcinia kola attenuate homocysteine-induced arteriosclerosis and cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats. Toxicol Int. 2016;23:246–253. doi: 10.22506/ti/2016/v23/i3/146718. PubMed DOI

Oyagbemi AA, Bester D, Esterhuyse J, Farombi EO. Kolaviron, a biflavonoid of Garcinia kola seed mitigates ischemic/reperfusion injury by modulation of pro-survival and apoptotic signaling pathways. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. 2017;6:42–49. doi: 10.5455/jice.20160923100223. PubMed DOI PMC

Oyagbemi AA, Bester D, Esterhuyse J, Farombi EO. Kolaviron and Garcinia kola seed extract protect against ischaemia/reperfusion injury on isolated rat heart. Drug Res. 2018;68:286–295. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-123686. PubMed DOI

Oyagbemi AA, Omobowale TO, Asenuga ER, et al. Kolaviron attenuated arsenic acid induced-cardiorenal dysfunction via regulation of ROS, C-reactive proteins (CRP), cardiac troponin I (CTnI) and BCL2. J Tradit Complement Med. 2018;8:396–409. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.05.003. PubMed DOI PMC

Oyagbemi AA, Omobowale TO, Olopade JO, Farombi EO. Kolaviron and Garcinia kola attenuate doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats. J Complement Integr Med. 2018 doi: 10.1515/jcim-2016-0168. PubMed DOI

Oyenihi OR, Brooks NL, Oguntibeju OO. Effects of kolaviron on hepatic oxidative stress in streptozotocin induced diabetes. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015 doi: 10.1186/s12906-015-0760-y. PubMed DOI PMC

Oyenihi OR, Cerf ME, Matsabisa MG, et al. Effect of kolaviron on islet dynamics in diabetic rats. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021 doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.095. PubMed DOI PMC

Oyovwi MO, Ben-Azu B, Edesiri TP, et al. Kolaviron abates busulfan-induced episodic memory deficit and testicular dysfunction in rats: the implications for neuroendopathobiological changes during chemotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021 doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112022. PubMed DOI

Pan M-H, Chang W-L, Lin-Shiau S-Y, et al. Induction of apoptosis by garcinol and curcumin through cytochrome c release and activation of caspases in human leukemia HL-60 cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49:1464–1474. doi: 10.1021/jf001129v. PubMed DOI

Pang X, Yi T, Yi Z, et al. Morelloflavone, a biflavonoid, inhibits tumor angiogenesis by targeting Rho GTPases and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways. Cancer Res. 2009;69:518–525. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2531. PubMed DOI PMC

Park S-Y, Nguyen P-H, Kim G, et al. Strong and selective inhibitory effects of the biflavonoid selamariscina a against CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 enzyme activities in human liver microsomes. Pharmaceutics. 2020 doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040343. PubMed DOI PMC

Pinkaew D, Cho SG, Hui DY, et al. Morelloflavone blocks injury-induced neointimal formation by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2009;1790:31–39. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.09.006. PubMed DOI PMC

Pinkaew D, Hutadilok-Towatana N, Teng B-B, et al. Morelloflavone, a biflavonoid inhibitor of migration-related kinases, ameliorates atherosclerosis in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012;302:H451–H458. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00669.2011. PubMed DOI PMC

Qin L, Zhao Y, Zhang B, Li Y. Amentoflavone improves cardiovascular dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities in high fructose and fat diet-fed rats. Food Funct. 2018;9:243–252. doi: 10.1039/c7fo01095h. PubMed DOI

Raikar SB, Nuhant P, Delpech B, Marazano C. Synthesis of polyprenylated benzoylphloroglucinols by regioselective prenylation of phloroglucinol in an aqueous medium. Eur J Org Chem. 2008 doi: 10.1002/ejoc.200701009. DOI

Ramakrishnan S, Paramewaran S, Nasir NM. Synthetic approaches to biologically active xanthones: an update. Chem Pap. 2021;75:455–470. doi: 10.1007/s11696-020-01320-0. DOI

Ranjbarnejad T, Saidijam M, Tafakh MS, et al. Garcinol exhibits anti-proliferative activities by targeting microsomal prostaglandin e synthase-1 in human colon cancer cells. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2017;36:692–700. doi: 10.1177/0960327116660865. PubMed DOI

Recalde-Gil MA, Klein-Júnior LC, Dos Santos PC, et al. Monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity of biflavonoids from branches of Garcinia gardneriana (Clusiaceae) Nat Prod Commun. 2017;12:505–508. doi: 10.1177/1934578x1701200411. PubMed DOI

Recalde-Gil AM, Klein-Júnior L, Salton J, et al. Aromatase (CYP19) inhibition by biflavonoids obtained from the branches of Garcinia gardneriana (Clusiaceae) Z Naturforschung Sect C J Biosci. 2019;74:279–282. doi: 10.1515/znc-2019-0036. PubMed DOI

Rizk YS, Santos-Pereira S, Gervazoni L, et al. Amentoflavone as an ally in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: analysis of its antioxidant/prooxidant mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021 doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.615814. PubMed DOI PMC

Robinson I, De Serna DG, Gutierrez A, Schade DS. Vitamin E in humans: an explanation of clinical trial failure. Endocr Pract. 2006;12:576–582. doi: 10.4158/EP.12.5.576. PubMed DOI

Rubin JE, Ball KR, Chirino-Trejo M. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from various animals. Can Vet J. 2011;52:162–164. PubMed PMC

Ryu YB, Jeong HJ, Kim JH, et al. Biflavonoids from Torreya nucifera displaying SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem. 2010;18:7940–7947. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.035. PubMed DOI PMC

Ryu Y-K, Park H-Y, Go J, et al. Effects of histone acetyltransferase inhibitors on l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in a murine model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm. 2018;125:1319–1331. doi: 10.1007/s00702-018-1902-4. PubMed DOI

Saadat N, Akhtar S, Goja A, et al. Dietary garcinol arrests pancreatic cancer in p53 and K-ras conditional mutant mouse model. Nutr Cancer. 2018;70:1075–1087. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1502327. PubMed DOI

Sabogal-Guáqueta AM, Carrillo-Hormaza L, Osorio E, Cardona-Gómez GP. Effects of biflavonoids from Garcinia madruno on a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Res. 2018;129:128–138. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.002. PubMed DOI

Sadasivan Nair AN, Raveendran Nair RV, Rajendran Nair AP, et al. Antidiabetes constituents, cycloartenol and 24-methylenecycloartanol, from ficus krishnae. PLoS ONE. 2020 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235221. PubMed DOI PMC

Saenz De Tejada I, Angulo J, Cuevas P, et al. The phosphodiesterase inhibitory selectivity and the in vitro and in vivo potency of the new PDE5 inhibitor vardenafil. Int J Impot Res. 2001;13:282–290. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3900726. PubMed DOI

Sakthivel KM, Guruvayoorappan C. Amentoflavone inhibits iNOS, COX-2 expression and modulates cytokine profile, NF-κB signal transduction pathways in rats with ulcerative colitis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013;17:907–916. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.09.022. PubMed DOI

Salau VF, Erukainure OL, Koorbanally NA, Islam MS. Kolaviron modulates dysregulated metabolism in oxidative pancreatic injury and inhibits intestinal glucose absorption with concomitant stimulation of muscle glucose uptake. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2020 doi: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1806331. PubMed DOI

Salau VF, Erukainure OL, Bharuth V, et al. Kolaviron stimulates glucose uptake with concomitant modulation of metabolic activities implicated in neurodegeneration in isolated rat brain, without perturbation of tissue ultrastructural morphology. Neurosci Res. 2021;169:57–68. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.06.008. PubMed DOI

Salehi B, Mishra AP, Nigam M, et al. Resveratrol: a double-edged sword in health benefits. Biomedicines. 2018;6:91. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines6030091. PubMed DOI PMC

Saponara R, Bosisio E. Inhibition of cAMP-phosphodiesterase by biflavones of Ginkgo biloba in rat adipose tissue. J Nat Prod. 1998;61:1386–1387. doi: 10.1021/np970569m. PubMed DOI

Schobert R, Biersack B. Chemical and biological aspects of garcinol and isogarcinol: recent developments. Chem Biodivers. 2019 doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201900366. PubMed DOI

Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, et al. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the physicians’ health study II randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2008;300:2123–2133. doi: 10.1001/jama.2008.600. PubMed DOI PMC

Shin DH, Bae YC, Kim-Han JS, et al. Polyphenol amentoflavone affords neuroprotection against neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage via multiple mechanisms. J Neurochem. 2006;96:561–572. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03582.x. PubMed DOI

Steinhubl SR. Why have antioxidants failed in clinical trials? Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:S14–S19. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.003. PubMed DOI

Su C, Yang C, Gong M, et al. Antidiabetic activity and potential mechanism of amentoflavone in diabetic mice. Molecules. 2019 doi: 10.3390/molecules24112184. PubMed DOI PMC

Tabares-Guevara JH, Lara-Guzmán OJ, Londoño-Londoño JA, et al. Natural biflavonoids modulate macrophage-oxidized LDL interaction in vitro and promote atheroprotection in vivo. Front Immunol. 2017 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00923. PubMed DOI PMC

Tauchen J, Huml L, Rimpelova S, Jurášek M. Flavonoids and related members of the aromatic polyketide group in human health and disease: do they really work? Molecules. 2020;25:25173846. doi: 10.3390/molecules25173846. PubMed DOI PMC

Tcheghebe OT, Signe M, Seukep AJ, Tatong FN. Review on traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological profiles of Garcinia kola Heckel. J Med Med Sci. 2016;4:480–489.

Tchimene KM, Anaga AO, Ugwoke CEC, et al. Bio-flavonoids and garcinoic acid from Garcinia kola seeds with promising anti-inflammatory potentials. Pharmacogn J. 2015;8:56–58. doi: 10.5530/pj.2016.1.12. DOI

Tchimene MK, Aanaga AO, Ugwoke CEC, et al. Bio-flavonoids and garcinoic acid from Garcinia kola seeds with promising local anesthetic potentials. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res. 2015;7:764–767.

Teodoro JS, Machado IF, Castela AC, et al. Mitochondria as a target for safety and toxicity evaluation of nutraceuticals. In: Gupta RC, Lall R, Srivastava A, et al., editors. Nutraceuticals: efficacy, safety and toxicity. 2. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2021. pp. 463–483.

Terashima K, Aqil M, Niwa M. Garcinianin, a novel biflavonoid from the roots of Garcinia kola. Heterocycles. 1995;41:2245–2250. doi: 10.3987/com-95-7157. DOI

Terashima K, Shimamura T, Tanabayashi M, et al. Constituents of the seeds of Garcinia kola: two new antioxidants, garcinoic acid and garcinal. Heterocycles. 1997;45:1559–1566. doi: 10.3987/COM-97-7854. DOI

Terashima K, Kondo Y, Aqil M, Niwa M. A new xanthone from the stems of Garcinia kola. Nat Prod Lett. 1999;14:91–97. doi: 10.1080/10575639908041215. DOI

Terashima K, Takaya Y, Niwa M. Powerful antioxidative agents based on garcinoic acid from Garcinia kola. Bioorg Med Chem. 2002;10:1619–1625. doi: 10.1016/S0968-0896(01)00428-X. PubMed DOI

Timothy MR, Ibrahim YKE, Muhammad A, et al. Trypanosuppressive effects of kolaviron may be associated with down regulation of trypanothione reductase in trypanosoma congolense infection. Trop Biomed. 2021;38:94–101. doi: 10.47665/tb.38.1.016. PubMed DOI

Trisuwan K, Rukachaisirikul V, Phongpaichit S, Hutadilok-Towatana N. Tetraoxygenated xanthones and biflavanoids from the twigs of Garcinia merguensis. Phytochem Lett. 2013;6:511–513. doi: 10.1016/j.phytol.2013.06.013. DOI

Tshibangu PT, Kapepula PM, Kapinga MJK, et al. Fingerprinting and validation of a LC-DAD method for the analysis of biflavanones in Garcinia kola -based antimalarial improved traditional medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2016;128:382–390. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.042. PubMed DOI

Tu S-H, Chiou Y-S, Kalyanam N, et al. Garcinol sensitizes breast cancer cells to Taxol through the suppression of caspase-3/iPLA2 and NF-κB/Twist1 signaling pathways in a mouse 4T1 breast tumor model. Food Funct. 2017;8:1067–1079. doi: 10.1039/c6fo01588c. PubMed DOI

Tuansulong K-A, Hutadilok-Towatana N, Mahabusarakam W, et al. Morelloflavone from Garcinia dulcis as a novel biflavonoid inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. Phytother Res. 2011;25:424–428. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3286. PubMed DOI

Uche OK, Osakpolo RFA. Kolaviron attenuates elevation in blood pressure and ameliorates dyslipidemia in salt-induced hypertensive sprague-dawley rats. Afr J Biomed Res. 2018;21:219–224.

Uko OJ, Usman A, Ataja AM. Some biological activities of Garcinia kola in growing rats. Vet Arh. 2001;71:287–297.

Uwagie-Ero EA, Nwaehujor CO, Ode JO. Investigation of polyisoprenyl benzophenone for anti-ulcer potentials in ethanol-hcl-induced gastric ulcerations in albino rats. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2020;4:228–232. doi: 10.26538/tjnpr/v4i6.3. DOI

Wallert M, Bauer J, Kluge S, et al. The vitamin E derivative garcinoic acid from Garcinia kola nut seeds attenuates the inflammatory response. Redox Biol. 2019;24:101166. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101166. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang Y, Tsai M-L, Chiou L-Y, et al. Antitumor activity of garcinol in human prostate cancer cells and xenograft mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2015;63:9047–9052. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03851. PubMed DOI

Wang B, Lin L, Ai Q, et al. HAT inhibitor, garcinol, exacerbates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep. 2016;13:5290–5296. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5189. PubMed DOI

Wang Y-W, Zhang X, Chen C-L, et al. Protective effects of Garcinol against neuropathic pain: evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies. Neurosci Lett. 2017;647:85–90. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.03.015. PubMed DOI

Wilsky S, Sobotta K, Wiesener N, et al. Inhibition of fatty acid synthase by amentoflavone reduces coxsackievirus B3 replication. Arch Virol. 2012;157:259–269. doi: 10.1007/s00705-011-1164-z. PubMed DOI

Winner K, Polycarp O, Ifeoma I, Chinedum E. Effect of fractions of kolaviron on some indices of benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats: identification of the constituents of the bioactive fraction using GC-MS. RSC Adv. 2016;6:94352–94360. doi: 10.1039/c6ra18266f. DOI

Xiong X, Tang N, Lai X, et al. Insights into amentoflavone: a natural multifunctional biflavonoid. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:768708. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.768708. PubMed DOI PMC

Yu S, Yan H, Zhang L, et al. A review on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics of amentoflavone, a naturally-occurring biflavonoid. Molecules. 2017;22:299. doi: 10.3390/molecules22020299. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhao X, Liu B, Liu S, et al. Anticytotoxin effects of amentoflavone to pneumolysin. Biol Pharm Bull. 2017;40:61–67. doi: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00598. PubMed DOI

Zhao J, Yang T, Ji J, et al. Garcinol exerts anti-cancer effect in human cervical cancer cells through upregulation of T-cadherin. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;107:957–966. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.060. PubMed DOI

Zhao N, Sun C, Zheng M, et al. Amentoflavone suppresses amyloid β1–42 neurotoxicity in Alzheimer’s disease through the inhibition of pyroptosis. Life Sci. 2019 doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117043. PubMed DOI

Zhuang J-L, Liu Y-Y, Li Z-Z, et al. Amentoflavone prevents ox-LDL-induced lipid accumulation by suppressing the PPARγ/CD36 signal pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2021 doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115733. PubMed DOI