Karyological characteristics are among the traits underpinning the invasion success of vascular plants. Using 11 049 species, we tested the effects of genome size and ploidy levels on plant naturalization (species forming self-sustaining populations where they are not native) and invasion (naturalized species spreading rapidly and having environmental impact). The probability that a species naturalized anywhere in the world decreased with increasing monoploid genome size (DNA content of a single chromosome set). Naturalized or invasive species with intermediate monoploid genomes were reported from many regions, but those with either small or large genomes occurred in fewer regions. By contrast, large holoploid genome sizes (DNA content of the unreplicated gametic nucleus) constrained naturalization but favoured invasion. We suggest that a small genome is an advantage during naturalization, being linked to traits favouring adaptation to local conditions, but for invasive spread, traits associated with a large holoploid genome, where the impact of polyploidy may act, facilitate long-distance dispersal and competition with other species.

Biodiversity Macroecology and Biogeography University of Göttingen Büsgenweg 1 Göttingen 37077 Germany

Campus Institute Data Science Goldschmidtstraße 1 Göttingen 37077 Germany

Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use University of Goettingen Büsgenweg 1 Göttingen D 37077 Germany

Department of Biosciences Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK

Department of Botany Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská 1760 České Budějovice CZ 370 05 Czech Republic

Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University Viničná 7 Prague CZ 128 44 Czech Republic

Department of Evolutionary Biology of Plants Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice CZ 252 43 Czech Republic

Department of Invasion Ecology Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice CZ 252 43 Czech Republic

Division of Bioinvasions Global Change and Macroecology Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna Wien 1030 Austria

Ecology Department of Biology University of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10 Constance D 78464 Germany

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig Puschstraße 4 Leipzig 04103 Germany

Research Centre for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 China

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Richmond Surrey TW9 3AE UK

University of Rhode Island Natural Resources Science 9 East Alumni Avenue Kingston 02881 RI USA

Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Taizhou University Taizhou 318000 China

Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 China

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Plant invasion and naturalization are influenced by genome size, ecology and economic use globally