This study aims to picture the phenomenology of urban ambient total lung deposited surface area (LDSA) (including head/throat (HA), tracheobronchial (TB), and alveolar (ALV) regions) based on multiple path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model during 2017-2019 period collected from urban background (UB, n = 15), traffic (TR, n = 6), suburban background (SUB, n = 4), and regional background (RB, n = 1) monitoring sites in Europe (25) and USA (1). Briefly, the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of the deposition of LDSA, including diel, weekly, and seasonal patterns, were analyzed. Then, the relationship between LDSA and other air quality metrics at each monitoring site was investigated. The result showed that the peak concentrations of LDSA at UB and TR sites are commonly observed in the morning (06:00-8:00 UTC) and late evening (19:00-22:00 UTC), coinciding with traffic rush hours, biomass burning, and atmospheric stagnation periods. The only LDSA night-time peaks are observed on weekends. Due to the variability of emission sources and meteorology, the seasonal variability of the LDSA concentration revealed significant differences (p = 0.01) between the four seasons at all monitoring sites. Meanwhile, the correlations of LDSA with other pollutant metrics suggested that Aitken and accumulation mode particles play a significant role in the total LDSA concentration. The results also indicated that the main proportion of total LDSA is attributed to the ALV fraction (50 %), followed by the TB (34 %) and HA (16 %). Overall, this study provides valuable information of LDSA as a predictor in epidemiological studies and for the first time presenting total LDSA in a variety of European urban environments.

Aix Marseille Univ CNRS LCE Marseille France

Aix Marseille Univ CNRS LCE Marseille France; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen Switzerland

Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research University of Granada Granada Spain

Atmospheric Composition Research Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki Finland

AtmoSud Regional Network for Air Quality Monitoring of Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Marseille France

Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety School of Computer Science and Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China; Hotan Normal College Hotan 848000 Xinjiang China

Department of Environment CIEMAT Madrid Spain

Department of Public Health Sciences University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester NY USA

Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Meteorology Environment and Arid Land Agriculture King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia

ENRACT Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science and Technology Energy and Safety NCSR Demokritos 15310 Ag Paraskevi Athens Greece

Environment and Health Administration SLB analys Stockholm Sweden

Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Crete Heraklion Greece; Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development National Observatory of Athens Athens Greece

European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra Italy

German Environment Agency Dessau Roßlau Germany

Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority Helsinki Finland

Hevesy György Ph D School of Chemistry Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

IMT Nord Europe Institut Mines Télécom Université de Lille Centre for Energy and Environment 59000 Lille France

Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques Parc Technologique Alata BP2 Verneuil en Halatte France

Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research Faculty of Science University of Helsinki Finland

Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research Faculty of Science University of Helsinki Finland; Environmental and Atmospheric Research Laboratory Department of Physics School of Science The University of Jordan Amman 11942 Jordan

Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals v v i Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Rozvojova Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Chemistry Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research 08242 Manresa Spain

Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Barcelona Spain

Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Barcelona Spain; Department of Applied Physics Meteorology University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain

Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research University of Granada Granada Spain

Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement CEA Orme des Merisiers Gif sur Yvette France

Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Duebendorf Switzerland

Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research Leipzig Germany

MRC Centre for Environment and Health Environmental Research Group Imperial College London UK

MRC Centre for Environment and Health Environmental Research Group Imperial College London UK; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health Imperial College London UK

Saxon State Office for Environment Agriculture and Geology Dresden Germany

School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin China

Univ Lille CNRS UMR 8518 Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique Lille France

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Atmospheric new particle formation identifier using longitudinal global particle number size distribution data