Clinical pharmacy as an area of practice, education and research started developing around the 1960s when pharmacists across the globe gradually identified the need to focus more on ensuring the appropriate use of medicines to improve patient outcomes rather than being engaged in manufacturing and supply. Since that time numerous studies have shown the positive impact of clinical pharmacy services (CPS). The need for wider adoption of CPS worldwide becomes urgent, as the global population ages, and the prevalence of polypharmacy as well as shortage of healthcare professionals is rising. At the same time, there is great pressure to provide both high-quality and cost-effective health services. All these challenges urgently require the adoption of a new paradigm of healthcare system architecture. One of the most appropriate answers to these challenges is to increase the utilization of the potential of highly educated and skilled professionals widely available in these countries, i.e., pharmacists, who are well positioned to prevent and manage drug-related problems together with ensuring safe and effective use of medications with further care relating to medication adherence. Unfortunately, CPS are still underdeveloped and underutilized in some parts of Europe, namely, in most of the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. This paper reviews current situation of CPS development in CEE countries and the prospects for the future of CPS in that region.

Children's Clinical University Hospital Riga Latvia

Clinical Pharmacy Department Hospital Pharmacy Teaching Hospital Hradec Kralove Hradec Králové Czechia

College of Pharmacy QU Health Qatar University Doha Qatar

Department of Clinical and Social Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Charles University Hradec Králové Czechia

Department of Clinical Pharmacology University Hospital Bratislava Hospital Ruzinov Bratislava Slovakia

Department of Clinical Pharmacology Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw Poland

Department of Clinical Pharmacy Ormoz Psychiatric Hospital Ormoz Slovenia

Department of Family Medicine Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland

Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology 1st Faculty of Medicine Prague Charles University Prague Czechia

Department of Hospital Pharmacy Bajcsy Zsilinszky Hospital Budapest Hungary

Department of Organization and Economy of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Medical University Sofia Sofia Bulgaria

Department of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy Faculty of Medicine University of Banja Luka Banja Luka Bosnia and Herzegovina

Department of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia

Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Maribor University of Maribor Maribor Slovenia

Effective Prescribing and Therapeutics Health and Social Care Directorate Scottish Government Edinburgh United Kingdom

European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare Council of Europe Strasbourg France

European Society of Clinical Pharmacy Leiden Netherlands

Faculty of Medicine University of Latvia Riga Latvia

Independent Expert Thessaloniki Greece

Institute of Pharmacy Faculty of Medicine University of Tartu Tartu Estonia

Medicines Optimisation Innovation Centre Antrim Hospital Antrim United Kingdom

Pharmacy Department National Institute of Oncology Budapest Hungary

Pharmacy Department University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska Banja Luka Bosnia and Herzegovina

Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroclaw Wroclaw Poland

School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Ulster University Coleraine Northern Ireland

Tauernklinikum Zell am See Zell am See Austria

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