The class of insecticides known as neonicotinoid insecticides has gained extensive application worldwide. Two characteristics of neonicotinoid pesticides are excellent insecticidal activity and a wide insecticidal spectrum for problematic insects. Neonicotinoid pesticides can also successfully manage pest insects that have developed resistance to other insecticide classes. Due to its powerful insecticidal properties and rapid plant absorption and translocation, dinotefuran, the most recent generation of neonicotinoid insecticides, has been widely used against biting and sucking insects. Dinotefuran has a wide range of potential applications and is often used globally. However, there is growing evidence that they negatively impact the biodiversity of organisms in agricultural settings as well as non-target organisms. The objective of this review is to present an updated summary of current understanding regarding the non-target effects of dinotefuran; we also enumerated nano- and bio-based mitigation and management strategies to reduce the impact of dinotefuran on non-target organisms and to pinpoint knowledge gaps. Finally, future study directions are suggested based on the limitations of the existing studies, with the goal of providing a scientific basis for risk assessment and the prudent use of these insecticides.

College of Science Engineering and Technology University of South Africa Florida Campus Johannesburg 1710 South Africa

Department of Applied Science Faculty of Science Engineering and Technology Walter Sisulu University Old King William Town Road Potsdam Site East London 5200 South Africa

Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State 410001 Nigeria; Natural Science Unit School of General Studies University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State 410001 Nigeria; Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security School of the Environment and Safety Jiangsu University 301 Xuefu Rd 212013 Zhenjiang Jiangsu China

Department of Chemical Engineering Nnamdi Azikiwe University P M B 5025 Awka Nigeria; Department of Chemical Engineering Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA

Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Doornfontein 2028 South Africa

Department of Chemistry University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa

Department of Chemistry University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa; Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Maroua Maroua Cameroon

Department of Chemistry University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa; Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria

Department of Industrial Chemistry 1st Technical University Ibadan Nigeria

Institute for Coastal and Marine Research Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kamenice 5 753 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

Water Research Group Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North West University 11 Hoffman St Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa

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