This research examines vanadium-deficient V2C MXene, a two-dimensional (2D) vanadium carbide with exceptional electrochemical properties for rechargeable zinc-ion batteries. Through a meticulous etching process, a V-deficient, porous architecture with an expansive surface area is achieved, fostering three-dimensional (3D) diffusion channels and boosting zinc ion storage. Analytical techniques like scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, and X-ray diffraction confirm the formation of V2C MXene and its defective porous structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy further verifies its transformation from the MAX phase to MXene, noting an increase in V3+ and V4+ states with etching. Cyclic voltammetry reveals superior de-zincation kinetics, evidenced by consistent V3+/V4+ oxidation peaks at varied scanning rates. Overall, this V-deficient MXene outperforms raw MXenes in capacity and rate, although its capacity diminishes over extended cycling due to structural flaws. Theoretical analyses suggest conductivity rises with vacancies, enhancing 3D ionic diffusion as vacancy size grows. This work sheds light on enhancing V-based MXene structures for optimized zinc-ion storage.

Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 Prague 6 166 28 Czech Republic

Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry Faculty of Civil Engineering Czech Technical University Prague Thákurova 7 Prague 6 166 29 Czech Republic

Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Prague 12843 Czech Republic

Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems Maria Reiche Strasse 2 01109 Dresden Germany

Institute of Micro Nano Materials and Devices Ningbo University of Technology Ningbo 315211 P R China

School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci Tech University Hangzhou 310018 P R China

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Electrochemical Exfoliation of Layered Non-van der Waals Crystals into 2D Nanosheets: MAX Phases and Beyond