Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer. In this paper, the isolation and properties of exosomes as potential novel liquid biopsy markers for early PCa liquid biopsy diagnosis are investigated using two prostate human cell lines, i.e., benign (control) cell line RWPE1 and carcinoma cell line 22Rv1. Exosomes produced by both cell lines are characterised by various methods including nanoparticle-tracking analysis, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. In addition, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is used to study three different receptors on the exosomal surface (CD63, CD81 and prostate-specific membrane antigen-PMSA), implementing monoclonal antibodies and identifying the type of glycans present on the surface of exosomes using lectins (glycan-recognising proteins). Electrochemical analysis is used to understand the interfacial properties of exosomes. The results indicate that cancerous exosomes are smaller, are produced at higher concentrations, and exhibit more nega tive zeta potential than the control exosomes. The SPR experiments confirm that negatively charged α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialic acid-containing glycans are found in greater abundance on carcinoma exosomes, whereas bisecting and branched glycans are more abundant in the control exosomes. The SPR results also show that a sandwich antibody/exosomes/lectins configuration could be constructed for effective glycoprofiling of exosomes as a novel liquid biopsy marker.

Biomedical Research Centre Slovak Academy of Sciences Dubravska cesta 9 845 05 Bratislava Slovakia

Centre for Advanced Materials Qatar University Doha P O Box 2713 Qatar

Department of Physics Faculty of Electrical Engineering Czech Technical University Prague Technicka 2 166 27 Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Biophysics Czech Academy of Sciences Kralovopolska 135 61200 Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Chemistry Slovak Academy of Sciences Dubravska cesta 5807 9 845 38 Bratislava Slovakia

Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics Slovak Academy of Sciences Dubravska cesta 9 6319 845 13 Bratislava Slovakia

Polymer Institute Slovak Academy of Sciences Dubravska cesta 9 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia

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