This study investigates the impact of plasma-seed interaction on germination and early plant development, focusing on Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus. The investigation delves into changes in chemical composition, water absorption, and surface morphology induced by plasma filaments generated in synthetic air. These analyses were conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Although plasma treatment enhanced water absorption and modified surface chemistry, its impact on germination demonstrated species- and context-dependent variations. Notably, the accelerated germination and morphogenesis of seedlings in microbiome-enriched (MB+) soil could be achieved also in microbiome-deprived (MB-) soil by short-term plasma treatment of seeds. Remarkably, the positive effects of plasma treatment on early developmental events (germination, morphogenesis) and later events (formation of inflorescences) were more pronounced in the context of MB- soil but were accompanied by a slight decrease in disease resistance, which was not detected in MB+ soil. The results underscore the intricate dynamics of plasma-plant interactions and stress the significance of accounting for the soil microbiome while designing experiments with potential field application.

Department of Macromolecular Physics Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University 5 Holešovičkách 2 180 00 Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Rozvojová 313 165 00 Prague 6 Lysolaje Czech Republic

Institute of Physics Czech Academy of Sciences Cukrovarnická 10 162 00 Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences U Slovanky 2525 1a 182 00 Praha 8 Czech Republic

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