The mature larvae of the following fourteen Rhinusa species are described and illustrated: Rhinusaantirrhini (Paykull, 1800), R.asellus (Gravenhorst, 1807), R.collina (Gyllenhal, 1813), R.eversmanni (Rosenschoeld, 1838), R.florum (Rubsaamen, 1895), R.herbarum (H. Brisout de Barneville, 1862), R.incana (Kirsch, 1881), R.linariae (Panzer, 1796), R.melas (Boheman, 1838), R.neta (Germar, 1821), R.pilosa (Gyllenhal, 1838), R.rara Toševski & Caldara, 2015, R.tetra (Fabricius, 1792), and R.vestita (Germar, 1821). The pupae of thirteen of them (except R.incana) were also described. The comparison of larval morphological characters and plant preferences provides evidence supporting the existence of different species groups previously established according to a phylogenetic analysis based on adult morphological characters. The following diagnostic attributes distinguishing the genus Rhinusa are highlighted. For the larvae: (1) pronotal shield indistinct; (2) thoracic prodorsal fold small or even vestigial; (3) abdominal postdorsal folds (especially of segments III-VII) high or even in the form of conical protuberances; (4) cuticle of abdominal segments densely covered with asperities; (5) cuticle without dark spots or dark pigmentation; (6) head suboval, rarely round; (7) labrum usually with 2 als; (8) des1 short or absent, rarely elongated; and (9) fs1-3 usually absent or minute. For the pupae: (1) body stout; (2) head protuberances always present; (3) pronotal protuberances (if present), separated at bases of the pronotum, always wider than higher; (4) abdominal protuberance usually present, wide or round; (5) femora usually with a single fes; and (6) urogomphi short or vestigial. Keys to the larvae and pupae described here are provided. All the characters used for identification are illustrated by photographs or drawings. Biological and distribution data, including new information, are provided for all the species studied.

CABI Rue des Grillons 1 2800 Delémont Switzerland CABI Delémont Switzerland

Department of Zoology and Nature Protection Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology Maria Curie Skłodowska University Akademicka 19 20 033 Lublin Poland Maria Curie Skłodowska University Lublin Poland

Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro Ecosystems Crop Research Institute Prague 6 Ruzyně Czech Republic Crop Research Institute Prague Czech Republic

Institute for Plant Protection and Environment Banatska 33 11080 Zemun Serbia Institute for Plant Protection and Environment Zemun Serbia

Via Lorenteggio 37 20146 Milan Italy Unaffiliated Milan Italy

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Alonso-Zarazaga MA, Barrios H, Borovec R, Bouchard P, Caldara R, Colonnelli E, Gültekin L, Hlaváč P, Korotyaev B, Lyal CHC, Machado A, Meregalli M, Pierotti H, Ren L, Sánchez-Ruiz M, Sforzi A, Silfverberg H, Skuhrovec J, Trýzna M, Velázquez de Castro AJ, Yunakov NN. (2023) Cooperative Catalogue of Palaearctic ColeopteraCurculionoidea. 2nd Edn. Monografías electrónicas de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 14: 1–780.

Anderson DM. (1973) Keys to larvae and pupae of Gymnetrinae of America North and Mexico (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Washington 75: 133–140.

APG (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181(1): 1–20. 10.1111/boj.12385 DOI

Arzanov YG. (2000) Review of weevils of the genus Mecinus Germar, 1821 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from the fauna of European Russia and the Caucusus. Entomological Review 80: 1082–1090. [translation from Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 79: 865–875]

Baviera C, Caldara R. (2020) The Curculioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of Sicily: recent records and updated catalogue. Atti della Accademia Peloritana dei Pericolanti Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali 98(1): 1–79.

Buchanan LL. (1937) Notes on Curculionidae (Coleoptera). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 27: 312–316.

Caldara R. (2001) Phylogenetic analysis and higher classification of the tribe Mecinini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Curculioninae). Koleopterologische Rundschau 71: 171–203.

Caldara R. (2003) Revisione dei Gymnetron della Regione Afrotropicale (ColeopteraCurculionidae). Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 82: 87–272.

Caldara R. (2005) Revisione dei Cleopomiarus della Regione Afrotropicale (ColeopteraCurculionidae). Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 84(1): 101–167. 10.4081/memorieSEI.2005.101 DOI

Caldara R. (2007) Taxonomy and phylogeny of the species of the weevil genus Miarus Schönherr, 1826. Koleopterologische Rundschau 77: 199–248.

Caldara R. (2008) Revisione delle specie paleartiche del genere Gymnetron (Insecta, Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Aldrovandia 4: 27–104.

Caldara R. (2014) Rhinusa Stephens: A taxonomic revision of the species belonging to the R.tetra and R.bipustulata groups (ColeopteraCurculionidae). Journal of Insect Biodiversity 2(19): 1–46. 10.12976/jib/2014.2.19 DOI

Caldara R, Fogato V. (2013) Systematics of the weevil genus Mecinus Germar, 1821 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). I. Taxonomic treatment of the species. Zootaxa 3654(1): 1–105. 10.11646/zootaxa.3654.1.1 PubMed DOI

Caldara R, Toševski I. (2019) Rhinusa Stephens: A taxonomic revision of the species belonging to the R.linariae, R.herbarum, R.melas, and R.mauritii groups (ColeopteraCurculionidae). Zootaxa 4679(2): 318–340. 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.6 PubMed DOI

Caldara R, Sassi D, Toševski I. (2010) Phylogeny of the weevil genus Rhinusa Stephens based on adult morphological characters and host plant information (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 2627(1): 39–56. 10.11646/zootaxa.2627.1.3 PubMed DOI

Caldara R, Casalini R, Baviera C. (2012) Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusatetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329(1): 31–40. 10.11646/zootaxa.3329.1.3 DOI

Caldara R, Sassi D, Montagna M. (2013) Systematics of the weevil genus Mecinus Germar, 1821 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). II. Phylogenetic analysis based on adult morphological characters and host plant information. Zootaxa 3664(2): 136–148. 10.11646/zootaxa.3664.2.2 PubMed DOI

de Peyerimhoff P. (1911) Note sur la biologie de quelques coléoptères phytophages du Nord-Africain (Ie série). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 80: 283–314.

DiGirolomo MF, Hoebeke ER, Caldara R. (2019) Rhinusaasellus (Gravenhorst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a Eurasian Weevil new to North America, with a summary of other adventive Rhinusa in North America and a key to species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 121(4): 580–593. 10.4289/0013-8797.121.4.580 DOI

Gardner JCM. (1934) Immature stages of Indian Coleoptera (14) (Curculionidae). Indian Forest Records 20(2): 1–48.

Gassmann A, Paetel C. (1998) Gymnetronnetum (Col.; Curculionidae). A potential agent for biological control of toadflax in North America. Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, Delémont, Switzerland, 33 pp.

Gassmann A, De Clerck-Floate R, Sing S, Toševski I, Mitrović M, Krstić O. (2014) Biology and host specificity of Rhinusapilosa, a recommended biological control agent of Linariavulgaris. BioControl 59(4): 473–483. 10.1007/s10526-014-9578-7 DOI

Goggi G. (2004) Indagine faunistica sui Coleotteri delle isole Pelagie (Sicilia). Giornale Italiano di Entomologia 11: 127–143.

Gosik R. (2010) Morphology of the mature larva and pupa of Rhinusabipustulata (Rossi, 1792) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with some remarks on its biology. Baltic Journal of Coleopterology 10(2): 185–194.

Gosik R, Skuhrovec J. (2011) Descriptions of mature larvae and pupae of the genus Larinus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Lixinae). Zootaxa 3019(1): 1–25. 10.11646/zootaxa.3019.1.1 DOI

Gosik R, Sprick P, Skuhrovec J, Deruś M, Hommes M. (2016) Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of life history traits. Zootaxa 4108(1): 1–67. 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1 PubMed DOI

Gosik R, Skuhrovec J, Caldara R, Toševski I. (2020) Immatures of Palearctic Mecinus species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae): Morphological characters diagnostic at genus and species levels. ZooKeys 939(2): 87–165. 10.3897/zookeys.939.50612 PubMed DOI PMC

Groppe K. (1992) Gymnetronantirrhini Paykull (Col.: Curculionidae). A candidate for biological control of Dalmatian toadflax in North America. Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, Delémont, Switzerland, 22 pp.

Gumovsky A. (2007) A taxonomic revision, biology and morphology of immature stages of the Entedonsparetus species group (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), egg-larval endoparasitoids of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 97(2): 139–166. 10.1017/S0007485307004798 PubMed DOI

Hernández-Vera G, Mitrović M, Jović J, Toševski I, Caldara R, Gassmann A, Emerson BC. (2010) Host-associated genetic differentiation in a seed parasitic weevil Rhinusaantirrhini (Coleptera: Curculionidae) revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Molecular Ecology 19(11): 2286–2300. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04639.x PubMed DOI

Hille Ris Lambers D. (1950) On mounting aphids and other soft-skinned insects. Entomologische Berichten 13: 55–58.

Hoffmann A. (1958) Coléoptères Curculionides. Troisième partie. Faune de France 62: 1209–1839.

Hustache A. (1931) Curculionidae Gallo-Rhénans. Mecinini. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 100(3–4): 399–435. 10.1080/21686351.1931.12280198 DOI

Jiang C, Zhang R. (2015) The genus Gymnetron from China with description of preimaginal stages of G.miyoshii, G.auliense and G.vittipenne (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). ZooKeys 534: 61–84. 10.3897/zookeys.534.5967 PubMed DOI PMC

Jordan K. (1994) Gymnetronlinariae Panzer (Col.: Curculionidae). A candidate for biological control of Dalmatian and yellow toadflax in North America. Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, Delémont, Switzerland, 36 pp.

Korotyaev BA, Konstantinov AS, Lingafelter SW, Mandelstham MYu, Volkovitsh MG. (2005) Gall-inducing Coleoptera. In: Raman A, Schaefer CW, Withers TM. (Eds) Biology, Ecology and Evolution of Gall-inducing Arthropods.Science Publishers Inc., Enfield and Plymouth, 239–271.

Lee CY, Morimoto K. (1988) Larvae of the family Curculionidae of Japan. Part 2. Hyperinae to Cioninae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 33(1–2): 131–152. 10.5109/23924 DOI

Lohse GA, Tischler T. (1983) Mecininae. In: Freude H, Harde KW, Lohse GA (Eds) Die Käfer Mitteleuropas, Band 11, Goecke and Evers, Krefeld, 259–283.

Marquess J. (2000) Biology, Ecology, and Impact of Gymnetrontetrum Fab. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Verbascumthapsus L. and V.blattaria L. (Scrophulariaceae). M.S. Thesis/dissertation, Washington State University, [x +] 70 pp.

Marvaldi AE. (1997) Higher level phylogeny of Curculionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) based mainly on larval characters, with special reference to broadnosed weevils. Cladistics 13(4): 285–312. 10.1111/j.1096-0031.1997.tb00321.x PubMed DOI

Marvaldi AE. (1999) Morfología larval en Curculionidae. Acta Zoológica Lilloana 45: 7–24.

Marvaldi AE. (2003) Key to larvae of the South American subfamilies of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 76(4): 603–612. 10.4067/S0716-078X2003000400005 DOI

May BM. (1994) An introduction to the immature stages of Australian Curculionoidea. In: Zimmerman EC (Ed.) Australian weevils. Brentidae, Eurhynchidae, Apionidae and a chapter on immature stages by Brenda May. Volume II. CSIRO, Melbourne. 10.4067/S0716-078X2003000400005 DOI

O’Brien CW, Wibmer GJ. (1982) Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 43, 382 pp.

Oberprieler RG, Anderson RS, Marvaldi AE. (2014) 3 Curculionoidea Latreille, 1802: Introduction, Phylogeny. In: Leschen RAB, Beutel RG. (Eds) Coleoptera, Beetles.Volume 3: Morphology and Systematics (Phytophaga). Handbook of Zoology: Arthropoda: Insecta, De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, 285–300. [675 pp.] 10.1515/9783110274462.285 DOI

Reitter E. (1908) Bestimmung-Tabellen der europäischen Coleopteren. LIX Heft. Curculionidae. 13 Theil: Mecinini (Gymnetrini). Verhandlungen des naturforschendenden Vereines in Brünn, 1–50.

Saner MA, Clements DR, Hall MR, Doohan DJ, Crompton CW. (1995) The biology of Canadian weeds. Linariavulgaris Mill. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75(2): 525–537. 10.4141/cjps95-092 DOI

Scherf H. (1964) Die Entwicklungsstadien der Mitteleuropäischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Ökologie). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 335 pp.

Ścibior R, Łętowski J. (2018) The morphology of the preimaginal stages of Rhinusaneta (Germar, 1821) and notes on its biology (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini). ZooKeys 807: 29–46. 10.3897/zookeys.807.28365 PubMed DOI PMC

Sing SE, De Clerck-Floate RA, Hansen RW, Pearce H, Randall CB, Toševski I, Ward SM. (2016) Biology and biological control of dalmatian and yellow toadflax. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET-2015-03, 141 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.149716 DOI

Skuhrovec J, Bogusch P. (2016) The morphology of the immature stages of Metadonusvuillefroyanus (Capiomont, 1868) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Hyperini) and notes on its biology. ZooKeys 589: 123–142. 10.3897/zookeys.589.7847 PubMed DOI PMC

Skuhrovec J, Gosik R, Caldara R, Toševski I, Łętowski J, Szwaj E. (2018) Morphological characters of immature stages of Palaearctic species of Cleopomiarus and Miarus and their systematic value in Mecinini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae). ZooKeys 808: 23–92. 10.3897/zookeys.808.28172 PubMed DOI PMC

Skuhrovec J, Gosik R, Caldara R, Toševski I, Batyra A. (2022) Description of immature stages of Gymnetron species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae), with particular emphasis on the diagnostic morphological characters at the generic and specific levels. ZooKeys 1090: 45–84. 10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741 PubMed DOI PMC

Smith JM. (1959) Notes on insects, especially Gymnaetron spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), associated with toadflax, Linariavulgaris Mill. (Scrophulariaceae), in North America. Canadian Entomologist 91(2): 116–121. 10.4039/Ent91116-2 DOI

Smreczyński S. (1976) Klucze do oznaczania owadów polski. XIX (98f). Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae. Polski Towarzystwo Entomologiczene, Wrocław, 115 pp.

Toševski I, Gassmann A. (2004) Biological control of Dalmatian and Yellow Toadflax, Linariadalmatica and L.vulgaris. Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, Delémont, Switzerland, 75 pp.

Toševski I, Caldara R, Jović J, Hernández-Vera G, Baviera C, Gassmann A, Emerson BC. (2015) Hostassociated genetic divergence and taxonomy in the Rhinusapilosa Gyllenhal species complex: An integrative approach. Systematic Entomology 40(1): 268–287. 10.1111/syen.12109 DOI

Toševski I, Sing S, Caldara R, Weaver D, Jović J, Krstić O, Hinz H. (2023) Retrospective use of integrative taxonomy in classical biological control: The unintentional introduction of the weevil Rhinusadieckmanni to North America. Biological Control 183: 1–11. 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2023.105270 DOI

van Emden F. (1938) On the taxonomy of Rhynchophora larvae (Coleoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 87(1): 1–37. 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1938.tb01800.x DOI

Vujnovic K, Wein RW. (1997) The biology of Canadian weeds. Linariadalmatica (L.) Mill. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77(3): 483–491. 10.4141/P96-132 DOI

Zacharuk RY. (1985) Antennae and sensilla. In: Kerkut GA, Gilbert LI. (Eds) Comparative Insects Physiology, Chemistry and Pharmacology.Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1–69.