The immature stages of the following five Palaearctic Gymnetron species are described for the first time: G.tibiellum Desbrochers des Loges, 1900, G.veronicae (Germar, 1821), G.rotundicolle Gyllenhal, 1838, G.melanarium (Germar, 1821), and G.villosulum Gyllenhal, 1838. These species belong to four different groups previously established according to a phylogenetic analysis: the first two belong to the G.veronicae group and the other three to groups respectively bearing their name (G.rotundicolle, G.melanarium, and G.villosulum groups). All these species exhibit several diagnostic characters distinguishing them from each other. Some characters that can be used to separate Gymnetron from other genera in the tribe are also suggested. Three highly significant characters for the larvae and three for the pupae were identified. For the larvae they are: (1) labial palpi with single palpomeres, (2) all spiracles unicameral, and (3) epipharynx with a single pair of mes or none at all. For the pupae they are: (1) the pronotum with prominent pronotal protuberances, (2) abdominal segment VIII with a conical abdominal protuberance dorsally, and (3) very short or even reduced urogomphi. The species studied here are compared with those Gymnetron species already known and with other genera in the tribe Mecinini. Keys to the larvae and pupae described here are provided. All the characters used for identification are illustrated by photographs or drawings.

CABI Rue des Grillons 1 2800 Delémont Switzerland CABI Delémont Switzerland

Center of Alpine Entomology University of Milan Via Celoria 2 20133 Milan Italy University of Milan Milan Italy

Department of Zoology and Nature Protection Institute of Biological Sciences Maria Curie Skłodowska University Akademicka 19 20 033 Lublin Poland Maria Curie Skłodowska University Lublin Poland

Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro Ecosystems Crop Research Institute Prague 6 Ruzyně Czech Republic Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro Ecosystems Crop Research Institute Prague Czech Republic

Institute for Plant Protection and Environment Banatska 33 11080 Zemun Serbia Institute for Plant Protection and Environment Zemun Serbia

Żabia Wola 75H 23 107 Strzyżewice Poland unaffiliated Strzyżewice Poland

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Albach DC, Martínez-Ortega MM, Fischer MA, Chase MW. (2004) Evolution of Veroniceae: A phylogenetic perspective. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 91(2): 275–302.

Alonso-Zarazaga MA, Barrios H, Borovec R, Bouchard P, Caldara R, Colonnelli E, Gültekin L, Hlaváč P, Korotyaev B, Lyal CHC, Machado A, Meregalli M, Pierotti H, Ren L, Sánchez-Ruiz M, Sforzi A, Silfverberg H, Skuhrovec J, Trýzna M, Velázquez de Castro AJ, Yunakov NN. (2017) Cooperative Catalogue of Palaearctic ColeopteraCurculionoidea. Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa SEA, Monografias electrónicas 8, 729 pp. www.sea-entomologia.org [accessed on 13 November 2020]

Anderson DM. (1973) Keys to larvae and pupae of Gymnetrinae of America North and Mexico (Coleoptera:Curculionidae). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Washington 75: 133–140.

APG (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181(1): 1–20. 10.1111/boj.12385 DOI

Caldara R. (2001) Phylogenetic analysis and higher classification of the tribe Mecinini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Curculioninae). Koleopterologische Rundschau 71: 171–203.

Caldara R. (2003) Revisione dei Gymnetron della Regione Afrotropicale (ColeopteraCurculionidae). Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 82: 87–272.

Caldara R. (2008a) Revisione delle specie paleartiche del genere Gymnetron (Insecta, Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Aldrovandia 4: 27–104.

Caldara R. (2008b) Quattro specie di Curculionidae nuove per la fauna italiana (Coleoptera). Bolletino della Societa entomologica italiana 140(3): 185–188.

Caldara R, Fogato V. (2013) Systematics of the weevil genus Mecinus Germar, 1821 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). I. Taxonomic treatment of the species. Zootaxa 3654(1): 1–105. 10.11646/zootaxa.3654.1.1 PubMed DOI

Caldara R, Sassi D, Toševski I. (2010) Phylogeny of the weevil genus Rhinusa Stephens based on adult morphological characters and host plant information (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 2627(1): 39–56. 10.11646/zootaxa.2627.1.3 PubMed DOI

Caldara R, Sassi D, Montagna M. (2013) Systematics of the weevil genus Mecinus Germar, 1821 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). II. Phylogenetic analysis based on adult morphological characters and host plant information. Zootaxa 3664: 136–148. 10.11646/zootaxa.3664.2.2 PubMed DOI

Gardner JCM. (1934) Immature stages of Indian Coleoptera (14) (Curculionidae). Indian Forest Records 20(2): 1–48.

Germann C, Trivellone V, Pollini Paltrinieri L, Moretti M. (2013) First record of the adventive weevil Gymnetronrotundicolle Gyllenhal, 1838 from Switzerland (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, Bulletin de la Société Entomologique Suisse 86: 1–5.

Gosik R. (2010) Morphology of the mature larva and pupa of Rhinusabipustulata (Rossi, 1792) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with some remarks on its biology. Baltic Journal of Coleopterology 10(2): 185–194.

Gosik R, Skuhrovec J. (2011) Descriptions of mature larvae of the genus Larinus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Lixinae). Zootaxa 3019(1): 1–25. 10.11646/zootaxa.3019.1.1 DOI

Gosik R, Sprick P, Skuhrovec J, Derus M, Hommes M. (2016) Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of life history traits. Zootaxa 4108(1): 1–67. 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1 PubMed DOI

Gosik R, Skuhrovec J, Caldara R, Toševski I. (2020) Immatures of Palearctic Mecinus species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae): Morphological characters diagnostic at genus and species levels. ZooKeys 939(2): 87–165. 10.3897/zookeys.939.50612 PubMed DOI PMC

Hernández-Vera G, Caldara R, Toševski I, Emerson BC. (2013) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of archival tissue reveals the origin of a didjunct southern African-Palaearctic weevil radiation. Journal of Biogeography 40(7): 1348–1359. 10.1111/jbi.12081 DOI

Hille Ris Lambers D. (1950) On mounting aphids and other soft-skinned insects. Entomologische Berichten 13: 55–58.

Hoffmann A. (1958) Coléoptères Curculionides (Troisième partie). Faune de France 62: 1209–1839. [Le Chevalier, Paris]

Hustache A. (1931) Curculionidae Gallo-Rhénans. Mecinini. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 100: 399–435.

Jiang C, Zhang R. (2015) The genus Gymnetron from China with description of preimaginal stages of G.miyoshii, G.auliense and G.vittipenne (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). ZooKeys 534: 61–84. 10.3897/zookeys.534.5967 PubMed DOI PMC

Kleine P. (1910) Die Lariiden und Rhynchophoren und ihre Nahrungspflanzen. Entomologische Blätter 6: 275–294.

Koch K. (1992) Die Käfer Mitteleuropas. Vol. 3 (Ökologie). Goecke & Evers, Krefeld, 389 pp.

Krátký J. (2013) Gymnetronrotundicolle Gyllenhal, 1838 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) – nový druh nosatce ve fauně Slovenska (Gymnetronrotundicolle Gyllenhal, 1838 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) – new weevil species in the fauna of Slovakia). Elateridarium 7: 91–92.

Krátký J, Trnka F. (2012) Records of two interesting weevil species in the Czech Republic (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Weevil News 82: e2. http://www.curci.de [CURCULIO-Institute, Mönchengladbach]

Marvaldi AE. (1997) Higher level phylogeny of Curculionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) based mainly on larval characters, with special reference to broadnosed weevils. Cladistics 13(4): 285–312. 10.1111/j.1096-0031.1997.tb00321.x PubMed DOI

Marvaldi AE. (1999) Morfología larval en Curculionidae. Acta Zoológica Lilloana 45: 7–24.

Marvaldi AE. (2003) Key to larvae of the South American subfamilies of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 76(4): 603–612. 10.4067/S0716-078X2003000400005 DOI

Marvaldi AE, Sequeira AS, O’Brien CW, Farrell BD. (2002) Molecular and morphological phylogenetics of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea): Do niche shifts accompany diversification? Systematic Biology 51(5): 761–785. 10.1080/10635150290102465 PubMed DOI

May BM. (1977) Immature stages of Curculionidae: Larvae of soil dwelling weevils of New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 72(2): 189–228. 10.1080/03036758.1977.10427160 DOI

May BM. (1993) Larvae of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera): a Systematic Overview. Fauna of New Zealand. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand, 229 pp.

May BM. (1994) An introduction to the immature stages of Australian Curculionoidea. In: Zimmerman EC (Ed.) Australian weevils. Brentidae, Eurhynchidae, Apionidae and a chapter on immature stages by Brenda May. Volume II. CSIRO, Melbourne.

Nolte O, Haag H. (2019) Nachweis von Gymnetronrotundicolle (Gyllenhal, 1838) am Kaiserstuhl. Mitteilungen des Entomologischen Vereins Stuttgart 54(1): e40.

Olmstead RG, Depamphilis CW, Wolfe AD, Young ND, Elisons WJ, Reeves PA. (2001) Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. American Journal of Botany 88(2): 348–361. 10.2307/2657024 PubMed DOI

Podlussány A, Hegyessy G, Kutasi C. (2017) Four new weevil species in the fauna of Hungary (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Folia Entomologica Hungarica 78: 83–86. 10.17112/FoliaEntHung.2017.78.83 DOI

Reibnitz J. (2013) Gymnetronrotundicolle (Gyllenhal, 1838), ein neuer Rüsselkäfer für Deutschland. Mitteilungen des Entomologischen Vereins Stuttgart 48: e101.

Scherf H. (1964) Die Entwicklungsstadien der Mitteleuropäischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Ökologie). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 335 pp.

Ścibior R, Łętowski J. (2018) The morphology of the preimaginal stages of Rhinusaneta (Germar, 1821) and notes on its biology (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini). ZooKeys 807: 29–46. 10.3897/zookeys.807.28365 PubMed DOI PMC

Skuhrovec J. (2007) Descriptions of larvae of the tribe Hyperini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): III. Mature larvae of the genera Donus. Zootaxa 1606(1): 1–28. 10.11646/zootaxa.1606.1.1 DOI

Skuhrovec J, Bogusch P. (2016) The morphology of the immature stages of Metadonusvuillefroyanus (Capiomont, 1868) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Hyperini) and notes on its biology. ZooKeys 589: 123–142. 10.3897/zookeys.589.7847 PubMed DOI PMC

Skuhrovec J, Gosik R, Caldara R, Toševski I, Łętowski J, Szwaj E. (2018) Morphological characters of immature stages of Palaearctic species of Cleopomiarus and Miarus and their systematic value in Mecinini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae). ZooKeys 808: 23–92. 10.3897/zookeys.808.28172 PubMed DOI PMC

Sprick P. (1997) Beiträge zur Ökologie phytophager Käfer (Col. Chrysomelidae, Curculionoidea). II. Plausibilitätsprüfungen von Wirtspflanzenangaben bei phytophagen Käfern unter besonderer Berücksichtigung sekündärer Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe. Mitteilungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rheinischer Koleopterologen 7(2): 73–104.

Stejskal R, Trnka F, Skuhrovec J. (2014) Biology and morphology of immature stages of Coniocleonusnigrosuturatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 54(1): 337–354.

Strejček J. (2007) Faunistic records from the Czech Republic – 226. Coleoptera: Bruchidae, Curculionidae. Klapalekiana 43: 85–86.

Trnka F, Stejskal R, Skuhrovec J. (2015) Biology and morphology of immature stages of Adosomusroridus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae). Zootaxa 4021(3): 433–446. 10.11646/zootaxa.4021.3.3 PubMed DOI

Urban C. (1930) Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte einiger Rüsselkäfer III. Entomologische Blätter 26: 97–104.

van Emden FI. (1938) On the taxonomy of Rhynchophora larvae (Coleoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 87(1): 1–37. 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1938.tb01800.x DOI

Wanat M, Ruta R. (2018) Dwa gatunki ryjkowcowatych (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) nowe dla fauny Polski. Wiadomosci Entomologiczne 37(3): 169–179.

Zacharuk RY. (1985) Antennae and sensilla. In: Kerkut GA, Gilbert LI. (Eds) Comparative Insects Physiology, Chemistry and Pharmacology.Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1–69.

Description of immature stages of Rhinusa species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini) with a focus on diagnostic morphological characters at the species and genus levels