Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr. belongs to the family Combretaceae and is used both by African traditional medical practitioners and livestock rearers to treat diseases such as African trypanosomiasis, animal diarrhoea, asthma, cancer, cough, diabetes, dysentery, erectile dysfunction, fever, giardiasis, helminthiases, meningitis, menstrual disorders, monkeypox, oral infections, poliomyelitis, sickle cell anaemia, snake bites, toothache, urinary schistosomiasis, and yellow fever. Some of these activities have been associated with the presence of polyphenols in the plant which include ellagic acid derivatives, flavonoids, stilbenes, tannins, and triterpenes. Several bioactive molecules have been identified from A. leiocarpus. These include the main active constituents, ellagitannins, ellagic acid derivates, flavonoids and triterpenes. Pharmacological studies have confirmed its antibacterial, antifungal, antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, antimalarial, antioxidative, antiparasitic, antitumour and anti-ulcer effects. The stem bark has been investigated mainly for biological activities and phytochemistry, and it is the most mentioned plant part highlighted by the traditional users in ethnomedicinal surveys. In vitro and in vivo models, which revealed a wide range of pharmacological actions against parasites causing helminthiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria and trypanosomiasis, have been used to study compounds from A. leiocarpus. Because of its uses in African traditional medicine and veterinary practices, A. leiocarpus has received considerable attention from researchers. The current review provides a comprehensive overview and critical appraisal of scientific reports on A. leiocarpus, covering its traditional uses, pharmacological activities and phytochemistry.

Centre for Natural Products Discovery School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Faculty of Science Liverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy University of Ibadan Oduduwa Road Ibadan 200132 Oyo State Nigeria

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy University of Ibadan Oduduwa Road Ibadan 200132 Oyo State Nigeria; Centre for Natural Products Discovery School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Faculty of Science Liverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry College of Pharmacy Afe Babalola University Km 8 5 Afe Babalola Way P M B 5454 Ado Ekiti Ekiti State Nigeria

Laboratory of Growth Regulators Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany The Czech Academy of Sciences Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 78371 Czech Republic

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