PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Oligometastatic tumors illustrate a distinct state between localized and systematic disease and might harbor unique biologic features. Moreover, these tumors represent a different clinical entity, with a potential of long-term disease control or even cure, therefore they receive growing attention in the field of urologic oncology. RECENT FINDINGS: Currently, there is no consensus on the definition of oligometastatic prostate cancer, most experts limit it to a maximum of three to five lesions and involvement of no more than two organs, excluding visceral metastases. Quality data on oligometastatic bladder cancer is scarce, however, a consensus of experts defined it as a maximum of three metastatic lesions, either resectable or suitable for stereotactic therapy, without restrictions to the number of organs involved. As for kidney cancer, a maximum number of five metastases, without limitations to the location are defined as oligometastatic, with an important implication of timing of developing metastases since diagnosis of the primary tumor. SUMMARY: Defining oligometastatic state among urological tumors reflecting their distinct biological and clinical behavior is crucial to establish a sound framework for future clinical trials, and to facilitate guideline and policy formulation for improved patient care. Advancements in molecular imaging are expected to transform the field of oligometastatic urologic tumors in the future.

Centre for Translational Medicine Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary

Collegium Medicum Faculty of Medicine WSB University Dąbrowa Górnicza Poland

Department of Urology

Department of Urology 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Urology Medical University of Silesia Zabrze Poland

Department of Urology The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan

Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Dallas Texas USA

Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research Al Ahliyya Amman University Amman Jordan

Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology Vienna Austria

Research Center for Evidence Medicine Urology Department Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran

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