Rydingia michauxii and R. persica, respectively, known as Kase Gol and Goldar in Persian, belong to the family Lamiaceae and they are well known herbal medicine in Iran for the treatment of various diseases, particularly diabetes. This review aims to appraise the phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, and pharmacological activities of Rydingia species growing in Iran and assess their potential in clinical applications. Besides, it critically evaluates existing literature and looks into the perspective for further research and utilization. All available scientific literature was consulted using the database searches involving Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science applying the keyword Rydingia and its Syn; Otostegia. Only the search results that are associated with the Iranian species R. michauxii and R. persica are included in this review. α-pinene, carvacrol, caryophyllene oxide, diisooctyl phthalate, dillapiole, eugenol, hexadecanoic acid, and pentacosane are the major constituents of the essential oils of the Rydingia species. Additionally, these species produce bioactive flavonoids, phenolic acids, steroids, and terpenoids. Extracts and active compounds from Rydingia species have been reported to possess various pharmacological activities including antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and lipid-lowering properties. Based on the information available to date on the Iranian Rydingia species, it will be worth subjecting these species to further developmental work involving preclinical and clinical trials.

Centre for Natural Products Discovery School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK

Department of Agriculture Minab Higher Education Center University of Hormozgan Bandar Abbas Iran

Department of Agriculture Minab Higher Education Center University of Hormozgan Bandar Abbas Iran; Plant Protection Research Group University of Hormozgan Bandar Abbas Iran; Department of Chemistry Chonnam National University Gwangju Republic of Korea

Department of Chemistry Chonnam National University Gwangju Republic of Korea

Department of Cosmetic Science Gwangju Women's University Gwangju 62396 Republic of Korea

Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Faculty of Pharmacy Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran

Laboratory of Growth Regulators Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany The Czech Academy of Sciences Šlechtitelů 27 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic

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