This contribution gives basic information about the mechanical behavior of the facial part of the human skull cranium, i.e., the splanchnocranium, associated with external loads and injuries caused mainly by brachial violence. The main areas suffering from such violence include the orbit, frontal, and zygomatic bones. In this paper, as a first approach, brachial violence was simulated via quasi-static compression laboratory tests, in which cadaveric skulls were subjected to a load in a testing machine, increasing till fractures occurred. The test skulls were also used for research into the dynamic behavior, in which experimental and numerical analyses were performed. A relatively high variability in forces inducing the fractures has been observed (143-1403 N). The results lay the basis for applications mainly in forensic science, surgery, and ophthalmology.

Clinic of Ophthalmology University Hospital Ostrava 17 listopadu 1790 5 70852 Ostrava Czech Republic

Clinic of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery University Hospital Ostrava 17 listopadu 1790 5 70852 Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Applied Mechanics Faculty of Mechanical Engineering VSB Technical University of Ostrava 17 listopadu 2172 15 70800 Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Craniofacial Surgery Faculty of Medicine University of Ostrava 70300 Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Forensic Medicine Faculty of Medicine Ostrava University Syllabova 19 70300 Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Forensic Medicine University Hospital Ostrava 17 listopadu 1790 5 70852 Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Machining Assembly and Engineering Metrology Faculty of Mechanical Engineering VSB Technical University of Ostrava 17 listopadu 2172 15 70800 Ostrava Czech Republic

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Persian Gulf University Khalij Fars St Bushehr 7516913817 Iran

Institute of Emergency Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Ostrava Syllabova 19 70300 Ostrava Czech Republic

Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics CAS Veveri 97 60200 Brno Czech Republic

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