The paper presents a validation of novel multichannel ballistocardiography (BCG) measuring system, enabling heartbeat detection from information about movements during myocardial contraction and dilatation of arteries due to blood expulsion. The proposed methology includes novel sensory system and signal processing procedure based on Wavelet transform and Hilbert transform. Because there are no existing recommendations for BCG sensor placement, the study focuses on investigation of BCG signal quality measured from eight different locations within the subject's body. The analysis of BCG signals is primarily based on heart rate (HR) calculation, for which a J-wave detection based on decision-making processes was used. Evaluation of the proposed system was made by comparing with electrocardiography (ECG) as a gold standard, when the averaged signal from all sensors reached HR detection sensitivity higher than 95% and two sensors showed a significant difference from ECG measurement.

Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science VSB Technical University of Ostrava Ostrava Czechia

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Pinheiro E, Postolache O, Girão P. Theory and developments in an unobtrusive cardiovascular system representation: ballistocardiography. Open Biomed Eng J. 2010;4:201–216. doi: 10.2174/1874120701004010201 PubMed DOI PMC

Etemadi M, Inan OT. Wearable ballistocardiogram and seismocardiogram systems for health and performance. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2018;124(2):452–461. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00298.2017 PubMed DOI PMC

Sidikova M, Martinek R, Kawala-Sterniuk A, Ladrova M, Jaros R, Danys L, et al.. Vital sign monitoring in car seats based on electrocardiography, ballistocardiography and seismocardiography: A review. Sensors. 2020;20(19):5699. doi: 10.3390/s20195699 PubMed DOI PMC

Wolf MC, Jähne-Raden N, Gütschleg H, Kulau U, Kallenbach M, Wolf KH. First Feasibility Analysis of Ballistocardiography on a Passenger Flight. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2019;264:1648–1649. PubMed

Inan OT, Migeotte PF, Park KS, Etemadi M, Tavakolian K, Casanella R, et al.. Ballistocardiography and Seismocardiography: A Review of Recent Advances. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics. 2015;19(4):1414–1427. doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2014.2361732 PubMed DOI

Ladrova M, Martinek R, Nedoma J, Hanzlikova P, Nelson MD, Kahankova R, et al.. Monitoring and Synchronization of Cardiac and Respiratory Traces in Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng. 2022;15:200–221. doi: 10.1109/RBME.2021.3055550 PubMed DOI

Ladrova M, Nedoma J, Martinek R, Behbehani K, Kahankova R. Fiber-Optic Cardiorespiratory Monitoring and Triggering in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 2022;71:1–14. doi: 10.1109/TIM.2022.3177203 DOI

Wiens AD, Etemadi M, Roy S, Klein L, Inan OT. Toward Continuous, Noninvasive Assessment of Ventricular Function and Hemodynamics: Wearable Ballistocardiography. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics. 2015;19(4):1435–1442. doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2014.2359937 PubMed DOI PMC

Kurumaddali B, Marimuthu G, Venkatesh SM, Suresh R, Syam BS, Suresh V. Cardiac Output Measurement Using Ballistocardiogram. The 15th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering IFMBE Proceedings. 2014;43.

Martinek R, Brablik J, Kolarik J, Ladrova M, Nedoma J, Kahankova R, et al.. A Comparison Between Novel FPGA-Based Pad Monitoring System Using Ballistocardiography and the Conventional Systems for Synchronization and Gating of CMRI at 3 Tesla: A Pilot Study. IEEE Access. 2020;8:4149–4170. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2963221 DOI

Brablik J, Ladrova M, Vilimek D, Kolarik J, Kahankova R, Hanzlikova P, et al.. A comparison of alternative approaches to MR cardiac triggering: A pilot study at 3 Tesla. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics. 2022;26(6):2594–2605. doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2022.3146707 PubMed DOI

Yu B, Zhang B, Xu L, Fang P, Hu J. Automatic Detection of Atrial Fibrillation from Ballistocardiogram (BCG) Using Wavelet Features and Machine Learning. In: 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC); 2019. p. 4322–4325. PubMed

Brüser C, Kerekes A, Winter S, Leonhardt S. Multi-channel optical sensor-array for measuring ballistocardiograms and respiratory activity in bed. In: 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 2012. p. 5042–5045. PubMed

Brüser C, Kortelainen JM, Winter S, Tenhunen M, Pärkkä J, Leonhardt S. Improvement of Force-Sensor-Based Heart Rate Estimation Using Multichannel Data Fusion. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics. 2015;19(1):227–235. doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2014.2311582 PubMed DOI

Jiao C, Lyons P, Zare A, Rosales L, Skubic M. Heart beat characterization from ballistocardiogram signals using extended functions of multiple instances. In: 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC); 2016. p. 756–760. PubMed

Huang Y, Sun C, Jin T, Yang S, Zhang Z. Unobtrusive Inter-beat Interval Estimation from Multichannel Ballistocardiogram Signal Using Kalman Filter. In: 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC); 2020. p. 455–460. PubMed

Xie Q, Li Y, Wang G, Lian Y. An Unobtrusive System for Heart Rate Monitoring Based on Ballistocardiogram Using Hilbert Transform and Viterbi Decoding. IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems. 2019;9(4):635–644. doi: 10.1109/JETCAS.2019.2951411 DOI

He DD, Winokur ES, Sodini CG. An Ear-Worn Vital Signs Monitor. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2015;62(11):2547–2552. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2015.2459061 PubMed DOI PMC

Mora N, Cocconcelli F, Matrella G, Ciampolini P. Accurate Heartbeat Detection on Ballistocardiogram Accelerometric Traces. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 2020;69(11):9000–9009. doi: 10.1109/TIM.2020.2998644 DOI

Nedoma J, Martinek R, Fajkus M, Brablik J, Kahankova R, Fridrich M, et al.. A Novel FBG-Based Triggering System for Cardiac MR Imaging at 3 Tesla: A Pilot Pre-Clinical Study. IEEE Access. 2020;8:181205–181223. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3028224 DOI

Sadek I, Biswas J, Abdulrazak B. Ballistocardiogram signal processing: A review. Health information science and systems. 2019;7:1–23. doi: 10.1007/s13755-019-0071-7 PubMed DOI PMC

Sadek I, Abdulrazak B. A Comparison of Three Heart Rate Detection Algorithms over Ballistocardiogram Signals. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control. 2021;70:103017. doi: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103017 DOI

Wen X, Huang Y, Wu X, Zhang B. A Feasible Feature Extraction Method for Atrial Fibrillation Detection From BCG. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics. 2020;24(4):1093–1103. doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2019.2927165 PubMed DOI

Hytonen R, Tshala A, Schreier J, Holopainen M, Forsman A, Oksanen M, et al. Analysing Ballistocardiography for Pervasive Healthcare. In: 2020 16th International Conference on Mobility, Sensing and Networking (MSN); 2020. p. 86–91.

Azhaginiyan S, Anish M, Shivaranjan MK, Ganesan M. Denoising of BCG Signal using Multi Resolution Analysis. In: 2019 5th International Conference on Advanced Computing & Communication Systems (ICACCS); 2019. p. 1005–1008.

Nedoma J, Kepak S, Fajkus M, Cubik J, Siska P, Martinek R, et al.. Magnetic resonance imaging compatible non-invasive fibre-optic sensors based on the Bragg gratings and interferometers in the application of monitoring heart and respiration rate of the human body: A comparative study. Sensors. 2018;18(11):3713. doi: 10.3390/s18113713 PubMed DOI PMC

Sadek I, Biswas J. Nonintrusive heart rate measurement using ballistocardiogram signals: a comparative study. Signal, Image and Video Processing. 2019;13(3):475–482. doi: 10.1007/s11760-018-1372-z DOI

Worden K. The Illustrated Wavelet Transform Handbook by Paul S. Addison. vol. 274; 2004.

Lei Y. In: Signal processing and feature extraction; 2017. p. 17–66.