Although Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) have been widely adopted as important metrics for guiding scientific and policy decisions, the Earth Observation (EO) and Land Surface and Hydrologic Model (LSM/HM) communities have yet to treat terrestrial ECVs in an integrated manner. To develop consistent terrestrial ECVs at regional and continental scales, greater collaboration between EO and LSM/HM communities is needed. An essential first step is assessing the LSM/HM simulation uncertainty. To that end, we introduce a new hydrological reference dataset that comprises a range of 19 existing LSM/HM simulations that represent the current state-of-the-art of our LSM/HMs. Simulations are provided on a daily time step, covering Europe, notably the Rhine and Po river basins, alongside the Tugela river basin in Africa, and are uniformly formatted to allow comparisons across simulations. Furthermore, simulations are comprehensively validated with discharge, evapotranspiration, soil moisture and total water storage anomaly observations. Our dataset provides valuable information to support policy development and serves as a benchmark for generating consistent terrestrial ECVs through the integration of EO products.

Center Agriculture Food and Environment Department of Civil Environmental and Mechanical Engineering University of Trento via Mesiano 77 38123 Trento Italy

Department of Computational Hydrosystems UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Germany

Department of Physical Geography Utrecht University P O Box 80 115 3508 TC Utrecht The Netherlands

Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha Suchdol 16500 Czech Republic

GeoAgro Environmental Sciences and Resources Research Center Foundation 8th Str 32 49 410001 Neiva Huila Colombia

Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics group Wageningen University and Research P O Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands

Institute of Bio and Geosciences Agrosphere Research Centre Jülich Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52428 Jülich Germany

Institute of Environmental Science and Geography University of Potsdam Karl Liebknecht Str 24 25 14476 Potsdam Germany

Operational Water Management and Early Warning Department Deltares P O Box 177 2600 MH Delft The Netherlands

Research Group of Hydrological and Environmental Modelling Universitat Politècnica de València Camì de Vera S N 46022 Valencia Spain

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