BACKGROUND: Sulphur (S) deficiency has emerged in recent years in European soils due to the decreased occurrence of acid rains. Elemental sulphur (S0) is highly beneficial as a source of S in agriculture, but it must be oxidized to a plant-accessible form. Micro- or nano-formulated S0 may undergo accelerated transformation, as the oxidation rate of S0 indirectly depends on particle size. Graphene oxide (GO) is a 2D-carbon-based nanomaterial with benefits as soil amendment, which could modulate the processes of S0 oxidation. Micro-and nano-sized composites, comprised of S0 and GO, were tested as soil amendments in a pot experiment with unplanted soil to assess their effects on soil microbial biomass, activity, and transformation to sulphates. Fourteen different variants were tested, based on solely added GO, solely added micro- or nano-sized S0 (each in three different doses) and on a combination of all S0 doses with GO. RESULTS: Compared to unamended soil, nano-S0 and nano-S0+GO increased soil pH(CaCl2). Micro-S0 (at a dose 4 g kg-1) increased soil pH(CaCl2), whereas micro-S0+GO (at a dose 4 g kg-1) decreased soil pH(CaCl2). The total bacterial and ammonium oxidizer microbial abundance decreased due to micro-S0 and nano-S0 amendment, with an indirect dependence on the amended dose. This trend was alleviated by the co-application of GO. Urease activity showed a distinct response to micro-S0+GO (decreased value) and nano-S0+GO amendment (increased value). Arylsulfatase was enhanced by micro-S0+GO, while sulphur reducing bacteria (dsr) increased proliferation due to high micro-S0 and nano-S0, and co-amendment of both with GO. In comparison to nano-S0, the amendment of micro-S0+GO more increased soluble sulphur content more significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of this soil experiment, graphene oxide exhibited a significant effect on the process of sulphur oxidation.

Agricultural Research Ltd Zahradni 400 664 41 Troubsko Czech Republic

Agrovyzkum Rapotin Ltd Vyzkumniku 863 788 13 Rapotin Czech Republic

Central European Institute of Technology Brno University of Technology Purkynova 656 123 612 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Agrochemistry Soil Science Microbiology and Plant Nutrition Faculty of AgriSciences Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 1 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology 7 Prof S Kaliskiego St 85 796 Bydgoszcz Poland

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Mendel University in Brno 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Microelectronics Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication Brno University of Technology Technická 3058 10 616 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Plant Biology Faculty of AgriSciences Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 1 61300 Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Environmental Engineering Warsaw University of Life Sciences Nowoursynowska 159 02 776 Warsaw Poland

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