The prevalence of chronic venous disease (CVD) is relatively high, it affects 20-80 % of the population worldwide. CVD may affect any veins in the human body, however, the veins of the lower extremities are the most susceptible to this condition. Among therapeutic possibilities for CVD, mainly chronic venous insufficiency, some medicinal plants (Ruscus aculeatus L., Aesculus hippocastanum L., Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.) and their active compounds (ruscoside, aescin, asiaticoside) or close derivatives also have important places. This review describes shortly the updated knowledge on pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnostics of CVD as well as treatment modalities. The primary focus of this review is on the existing knowledge about botanical medications for treating chronic venous disease (CVD). It covers the chemical makeup of these plant drugs, their pharmacological effects, results from clinical trials involving humans, and any associated safety concerns.

Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology Charles University Akademika Heyrovského 1203 8 CZ 500 05 Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Department of Pharmaceutical Biology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Pécs H 7624 Pécs Hungary

Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany Faculty of Pharmacy Comenius University Bratislava SK 832 32 Bratislava Slovakia

Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy University of Pécs H 7624 Pécs Hungary

Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Charles University Akademika Heyrovského 1203 8 CZ 500 05 Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Institute of Transdisciplinary Discoveries Medical School University of Pécs H 7624 Pécs Hungary

Lacházi Peregi Pharmacy H 2340 Kiskunlacháza Hungary

Research Group of Pharmaco Toxicological Analysis Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna IT 40126 Bologna Italy

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