This paper is a write-up of the ideas that were presented, developed and discussed at the fourth International Workshop on QCD Challenges from pp to AA, which took place in February 2023 in Padua, Italy. The goal of the workshop was to focus on some of the open questions in the field of high-energy heavy-ion physics and to stimulate the formulation of concrete suggestions for making progresses on both the experimental and theoretical sides. The paper gives a brief introduction to each topic and then summarizes the primary results.

Central China Normal University Wuhan China

CERN Geneva Switzerland

Charles University Prague Czech Republic

CPHT CNRS Ecole polytechnique Institut Polytechnique de Paris Palaiseau France

Czech Technical University Prague Prague Czech Republic

Departamento de Física Universidad de Oviedo Avda Oviedo Spain

GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung Darmstadt Germany

Helmholtz Research Academy Hesse for FAIR Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt Germany

INFN LNS Catania Italy

INFN Sezione di Cagliari Cagliari Italy

INFN Sezione di Catania Catania Italy

INFN Sezione di Firenze Florence Italy

INFN Sezione di Padova Padua Italy

INFN Sezione di Torino Turin Italy

Institut für Theoretische Physik Frankfurt Germany

Instituto Universitario de Ciencias y Tecnologías Espaciales de Asturias Oviedo Spain

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institut für Astroteilchenphysik Karlsruhe Germany

Los Alamos National Lab Santa Fe USA

Lund University Lund Sweden

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge USA

Monash University Melbourne Australia

Ruprecht Karls Universitaet Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

Stefan Meyer Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna Austria

SUBATECH Nantes University IN2P3 CNRS IMT Atlantique Nantes France

Technische Universität Dortmund Dortmund Germany

The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków Poland

Universidad Nacional Autonoma Mexico City Mexico

Università and INFN Bologna Bologna Italy

Università and INFN Ferrara Ferrara Italy

Università and INFN Trieste Trieste Italy

Universita di Brescia Brescia Italy

Università di Catania Catania Italy

Università di Padova Padua Italy

Università di Torino Turin Italy

Università Sapienza Rome Italy

Universität Münster Münster Germany

Université Paris Saclay CNRS IJCLab Orsay France

University of Bergen Bergen Norway

University of Campinas UNICAMP Campinas Brazil

University of Cincinnati Cincinnati USA

University of Houston Houston USA

University of Jyväskylä and Helsinki Institute of Physics Helsinki Finland

Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands

Yonsei University Seoul Korea

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