The diffusion of macromolecules, nanoparticles, viruses, and bacteria is essential for targeting hosts or cellular destinations. While these entities can bind to receptors and ligands on host surfaces, the impact of multiple binding sites-referred to as multivalency-on diffusion along strands or surfaces is poorly understood. Through numerical simulations, we have discovered a significant acceleration in diffusion for particles with increasing valency, while maintaining the same overall affinity to the host surface. This acceleration arises from the redistribution of the binding affinity of the particle across multiple binding ligands. As a result, particles that are immobilized when monovalent can achieve near-unrestricted diffusion upon becoming multivalent. Additionally, we demonstrate that the diffusion of multivalent particles with a rigid ligand distribution can be modulated by patterned host receptors. These findings provide insights into the complex diffusion mechanisms of multivalent particles and biological entities, and offer new strategies for designing advanced nanoparticle systems with tailored diffusion properties, thereby enhancing their effectiveness in applications such as drug delivery and diagnostics.

CEITEC Central European Institute of Technology Kamenice 753 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Condensed Matter Physics Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kotlářská 267 2 611 37 Brno Czech Republic

Division of Computational Chemistry Lund University Sweden

LINXS Institute of Advanced Neutron and 10 ray Science Lund University Sweden

National Centre for Biomolecular Research Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kamenice 753 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

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