Load frequency control (LFC) is critical for maintaining stability in interconnected power systems, addressing frequency deviations and tie-line power fluctuations due to system disturbances. Existing methods often face challenges, including limited robustness, poor adaptability to dynamic conditions, and early convergence in optimization. This paper introduces a novel application of the sinh cosh optimizer (SCHO) to design proportional-integral (PI) controllers for a hybrid photovoltaic (PV) and thermal generator-based two-area power system. The SCHO algorithm's balanced exploration and exploitation mechanisms enable effective tuning of PI controllers, overcoming challenges such as local minima entrapment and limited convergence speeds observed in conventional metaheuristics. Comprehensive simulations validate the proposed approach, demonstrating superior performance across various metrics. The SCHO-based PI controller achieves faster settling times (e.g., 1.6231 s and 2.4615 s for frequency deviations in Area 1 and Area 2, respectively) and enhanced robustness under parameter variations and solar radiation fluctuations. Additionally, comparisons with the controllers based on the salp swarm algorithm, whale optimization algorithm, and firefly algorithm confirm its significant advantages, including a 25-50% improvement in integral error indices (IAE, ITAE, ISE, ITSE). These results highlight the SCHO-based PI controller's effectiveness and reliability in modern power systems with hybrid and renewable energy sources.

Applied Science Research Center Applied Science Private University Amman 11931 Jordan

College of Engineering University of Business and Technology Jeddah 21448 Saudi Arabia

Department of Computer Engineering Batman University Batman Turkey

Department of Electrical Engineering Graphic Era Dehradun 248002 India

ENET Centre CEET VSB Technical University of Ostrava 708 00 Ostrava Czech Republic

Graphic Era Hill University Dehradun 248002 India

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Sci Rep. 2025 Mar 18;15(1):9362. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-92478-8. PubMed

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