Ensuring the stability and reliability of modern power systems is increasingly challenging due to the growing integration of renewable energy sources and the dynamic nature of load demands. Traditional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers, while widely used, often fall short in effectively managing these complexities. This paper introduces a novel approach to load frequency control (LFC) by proposing a filtered PID (PID-F) controller optimized through a hybrid simulated annealing based quadratic interpolation optimizer (hSA-QIO). The hSA-QIO uniquely combines the local search capabilities of simulated annealing (SA) with the global optimization strengths of the quadratic interpolation optimizer (QIO), providing a robust and efficient solution for LFC challenges. The key contributions of this study include the development and application of the hSA-QIO, which significantly enhances the performance of the PID-F controller. The proposed hSA-QIO was evaluated on unimodal, multimodal, and low-dimensional benchmark functions, to demonstrate its robustness and effectiveness across diverse optimization scenarios. The results showed significant improvements in solution quality compared to the original QIO, with lower objective function values and faster convergence. Applied to a two-area interconnected power system with hybrid photovoltaic-thermal power generation, the hSA-QIO-tuned controller achieved a substantial reduction in the integral of time-weighted absolute error by 23.4%, from 1.1396 to 0.87412. Additionally, the controller reduced the settling time for frequency deviations in Area 1 by 9.9%, from 1.0574 s to 0.96191 s, and decreased the overshoot by 8.8%. In Area 2, the settling time was improved to 0.89209 s, with a reduction in overshoot by 4.8%. The controller also demonstrated superior tie-line power regulation, achieving immediate response with minimal overshoot.

Applied Science Research Center Applied Science Private University Amman 11931 Jordan

College of Engineering University of Business and Technology Jeddah 21448 Saudi Arabia

Department of Computer Engineering Batman University Batman 72100 Turkey

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Düzce University Düzce Turkey

Department of Electrical Engineering Graphic Era Dehradun 248002 India

Department of Electrical Engineering Graphic Era Hill University Dehradun 248002 India

ENET Centre VSB Technical University of Ostrava 708 00 Ostrava Czech Republic

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