Immune monitoring of cell therapies is a complex and evolving topic, particularly in the rapid expanding field of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell applications. Defining essential, recommended, and optional immune monitoring data post-CAR-T cell infusion is crucial to improve patient outcomes and inform post-treatment decisions. To address this gap, we conducted a survey-based study across centers affiliated with the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT), focusing on patients treated with European Medicines Agency (EMA)-approved CAR-T products. Building on a thorough review of the literature, we mapped the current landscape of immune monitoring practices and assessed their impact on clinical management. By defining the state of the art in the field, this work marks an initial step towards a structured harmonization process potentially able to enhance the management and outcomes of patients undergoing these immune cell therapies.

Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer Israel

CHU Bordeaux Hopital Haut Leveque Pessac France

CHU de Lille Lille France

CHU Montpellier UMR CNRS 5535 Montpellier France

Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation West German Cancer Center and German Cancer consortium University Hospital Essen University of Duisburg Essen Essen Germany

EBMT Leiden Study Unit Leiden the Netherlands

Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital Paediatrics London United Kingdom

Hematology department Nancy University Hospital UMR 7365 CNRS University of Lorraine Vandoeuvre lès Nancy France

Hospital Clínico CIBERONC Centro de Investigación del Cáncer IBMCC Salamanca Spain

Hospital Clínico Universitario INCLIVA de Valencia Spain

Institut Paoli Calmettes Comprehensive Cancer Centre and Module Biothérapies du Centre d'Investigations Cliniques de Marseille INSERM Aix Marseille Université AP HM IPC CBT 1409 Marseille France

Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Prague Czech Republic

Medical Clinic and Policinic 1 Leipzig Germany

Oncoimmunotherapy Unit Department of Hematology Hospital Clinic Barcelona Spain

San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit Milan Italy

Sorbonne Université Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine INSERM UMRs938 Service d'Hématologie Clinique et de Thérapie Cellulaire Hôpital Saint Antoine AP HP Paris France

Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Universita Cattolica S Cuore Rome Italy

University Hospital Bern Bern Switzerland

University Hospital Gasthuisberg Leuven Belgium

University Hospital Schleswig Holstein Kiel University Kiel Germany

University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHSFT Bristol United Kingdom

University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht the Netherlands

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