Streptophytes constitute a major organismal clade comprised of land plants (embryophytes) and several related green algal lineages1. Their seemingly well-studied phylogenetic diversity was recently enriched by the discovery of Streptofilum capillaum, a simple filamentous alga forming a novel deep streptophyte lineage in a two-gene phylogeny2. A subsequent phylogenetic analysis of plastid genome-encoded proteins resolved Streptofilum as a sister group of nearly all known streptophytes, including Klebsormidiophyceae and Phragmoplastophyta (Charophyceae, Coleochaetophyceae, Zygnematophyceae, and embryophytes)3. However, another recent report, published in Current Biology by Bierenbroodspot et al.4, presented a phylogenetic analysis of 845 nuclear loci, resolving S. capillatum as a member of Klebsormidiophyceae, nested among species of the genus Interfilum. Here, we demonstrate that the latter result is an artefact stemming from an unrecognized contamination of the transcriptome assembly from S. capillatum by sequences from Interfilum paradoxum. When confirmed S. capillatum sequences are employed in the analysis, the position of the alga in the nuclear gene-based tree fully agrees with the plastid gene-based phylogeny. Our results underscore S. capillatum as a lineage pivotal for the understanding of the evolutionary genesis of streptophyte, and ultimately embryophyte, traits.

Department of Biology and Ecology Faculty of Science University of Ostrava Chittussiho 10 710 00 Ostrava Czech Republic

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