Sexual assertiveness (SA) is an important concept in understanding sexual well-being and decision-making. However, psychometric evaluation of existing measures of SA in diverse populations is largely lacking, hindering cross-cultural and comparative studies. This study validated the short version of the Sexual Assertiveness Questionnaire (SAQ-9) and examined its measurement invariance across several languages, countries, genders, sexual orientations, and relationship statuses among 65,448 sexually-active adults (Mage = 32.98 years, SD = 12.08, 58% women, 2.74% gender-diverse individuals) taking part in the International Sex Survey. The scale demonstrated adequate psychometric properties. Measurement invariance tests indicated that the SAQ-9 is suitable for comparing individuals from different cultures, genders, sexual orientations, and relationship statuses, and significant group differences were also noted (e.g., gender-diverse individuals reported the highest levels of SA). Findings suggest that the SAQ-9 is a reliable and valid measure of SA and appropriate for use in diverse populations, with specific populations exhibiting varying levels of SA.

All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India

Artois University Arras France

Auckland University of Technology New Zealand

Austrian Public Health Institute Vienna Austria

Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University Warsaw Poland

Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problûmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles Canada

Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health Savar Bangladesh

Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Chuncheon Addiction Management Center South Korea

Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling Wethersfield USA

Connecticut Mental Health Center New Haven USA

ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

Flinders University Adelaide South Australia

Florida State University Panama City Republic of Panama

Fuzhou University China

General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic

Grupo de Investigación Biomédica y de Patología Tunja Colombia

Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital South Korea

HELP University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

Jahangirnagar University Savar Bangladesh

James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia

Jaume 1 University Castellón de la Plana Spain

KU Leuven Belgium

Kyoto University Japan

Lausanne University Hospital Switzerland

Lawson Research Institute London Canada

Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Lithuania

London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute Ontario Canada

Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts Skopje Republic of North Macedonia

National Autonomous University of Mexico Mexico

National Cheng Kung University Tainan

Nottingham Trent University UK

Núcleo Milenio sobre Movilidad Intergeneracional Del Modelamiento a la Política Pública Chile

Osaka University Research Center on Ethical Legal and Social Issues Japan

Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice Slovakia

Polish Academy of Sciences Warszawa Poland

RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project Tokyo Japan

Sapienza University of Rome Italy

Sharda University Greater Noida India

Sigmund Freud University Vienna Austria

Sistema Nacional de Investigación Panama City Panama

South East Technological University IrelandSouth East Technological University Ireland

Ss Cyril and Methodius University Skopje North Macedonia

Stellenbosch University South Africa

The Chinese University of Hong Kong China

The University of New Mexico Albuquerque USA

Universidad Católica del Maule Maule Chile

Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Perú

Universidad de Tarapacá Arica Chile

Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Tunja Colombia

Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra Bolivia

Universidad Privada del Norte Lima Perú

Universidade de Aveiro Portugal

Universidade de São Paulo Brazil

Université de Montréal Montréal Canada

Université du Québec à Trois Rivières Trois Rivières Canada

University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf Germany

University of Baghdad Iraq

University of California San Diego La Jolla USA

University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa

University of Cuenca Ecuador

University of Duisburg Essen Germany

University of Galway Ireland

University of Gibraltar Gibraltar

University of Haifa Israel

University of Hertfordshire Hatfield UK

University of Lausanne Switzerland

University of Nevada Las Vegas USA

University of Southampton UK

University of Trento Italy

University of Valencia Spain

University of Zagreb Croatia

Western University London Canada

Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA

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