Conflict deeply affects human experiences, frequently testing individual resilience to its breaking point and leaving enduring psychological and societal wounds. The current conflict in Ukraine, initiated by Russia's invasion in 2022, illustrates this phenomenon by altering regional relationships and triggering a major humanitarian crisis marked by extensive displacement, loss of life, and emotional turmoil. This study explores the factors influencing hope and distress in Ukraine alongside six nearby European countries during the ongoing conflict. A cross-sectional survey collected data primarily via internet panel samples from the Czech Republic, Georgia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Ukraine in the second year since the war's initiation. The current study utilised validated instruments, collecting data on levels of hope, distress, individual resilience, community resilience, societal resilience, morale, sense of danger, perceived security threats, and demographic characteristics. Hope and distress levels differ across countries, with Ukraine exhibiting the highest levels of both (3.74 ± 1.02 and 2.89 ± 0.87, respectively). Overall, average scores of hope were higher than average distress levels. Across the regression models for the seven countries, hope showed strong associations with individual (between β = 0.089 and β = 0.327) and societal resilience (between β = 0.206 and β = 0.514), while morale (between β = -0.104 and β = -0.479) and individual resilience (between β = -0.077 and β = -0.335) displayed a protective relationship against distress (all β values were significant, p < 0.01). Monitoring hope and distress is crucial during the Russian-Ukrainian war and other adversities, as these factors give insight into the current and future psychological states of affected populations. The results offer valuable information that can guide the development of tailored strategies to enhance hope and buffer distress in war-impacted countries, as well as those experiencing its broader effects. Fostering individual and societal resilience, alongside enhancing morale, may strengthen hope and mitigate distress amid adversity. Developing targeted interventions that address each population's unique needs, as well as their sociocultural and geopolitical contexts can enhance efficacy.

Applied Psychology School of Social Sciences Georgian Institute of Public Affairs Tbilisi Georgia

Ben Gurion University Beer Sheba Israel

Department of Emergency and Disaster Management School of Public Health Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Department of Psychology Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana Pennsylvania USA

Faculty of Communication Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania

Faculty of Psychology SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Warsaw Poland

Faculty of Psychology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland

Institute of Philosophy Prague and Systemic Risk Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Psychology Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Tbilisi Georgia

Psychology Department University of Haifa Haifa Israel

Research Center for Regional Security SUMY State University Sumy Ukraine

ResWell Research Collaboration Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Stress and Resilience Research Center Tel Hai College Tel Hai Israel

Tallinna Tehnikaulikool Tallinn Estonia

The Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making University of Haifa Haifa Israel

University Babeș Bolyai din Cluj Napoca Cluj Napoca Romania

University of Bucharest Bucharest Romania

West University of Timișoara Timisoara Romania

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