The study examined the resilience and coping of samples from Ukraine and five nearby countries during the war in Ukraine. The research focused on (1) the levels of community and societal resilience of the Ukrainian respondents compared with the populations of five nearby European countries and (2) commonalities and diversities concerning coping indicators (hope, well-being, perceived threats, distress symptoms, and sense of danger) across the examined countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted, based on data collection through Internet panel samples, representing the six countries' adult populations. Ukrainian respondents reported the highest levels of community and societal resilience, hope, and distress symptoms and the lowest level of well-being, compared to the population of the five nearby European countries. Hope was the best predictor of community and societal resilience in all countries. Positive coping variables, most notably hope, but also perceived well-being are instrumental in building resilience. While building resilience on a societal level is a complex, multifaceted task, various dimensions must be considered when planning actions to support these states. It is essential to monitor the levels of resilience, during and following the resolution of the crisis, both in Ukraine and in the neighboring countries.

Applied Psychology School of Social Sciences Georgian Institute of Public Affairs Tbilisi Georgia

Department of Emergency and Disaster Management School of Public Health Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Department of Psychology Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana Pennsylvania USA

Faculty of Communication Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania

Faculty of Psychology SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Warsaw Poland

Faculty of Psychology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland

Institute of Philosophy Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Psychology Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland

International Center for Defense and Security Tallinn Estonia

Israel National Center for Trauma and Emergency Medicine Research The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research Sheba Medical Center Ramat Gan Israel

Psychology Department University of Haifa Haifa Israel

ResWell Research Collaboration Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Stress and Resilience Research Center Tel Hai College Tel Hai Israel

The Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making University of Haifa Haifa Israel

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Anghel, V., & Jones, E. (2022). Is Europe really forged through a crisis? Pandemic EU and the Russia–Ukraine war. Journal of European Public Policy, 1–21.

Arbuckle, J. L. (2011). IBM SPSS Amos 20 user's guide. Amos Development Corporation, SPSS Inc., 226–229.

Arbuckle, J. L., & Wothke, W. (2004). Amos 4.0 Users Guide, 1999. Kline Rex B., Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, NY, London.

Aydın, M., Şiriner, İ., & Koç, Ş. A. (2022). Russia's invasion of Ukraine: The first seven months. Global Agenda in Social Sciences: Global Studies, 9, 417.

Ballada, C. J. A., Aruta, J. J. B. R., Callueng, C. M., Antazo, B. G., Kimhi, S., Reinert, M., Eshel, Y., Marciano, H., Adini, B., da Silva, J. D., & Verdu, F. C. (2022). Bouncing back from COVID‐19: Individual and ecological factors influence national resilience in adults from Israel, the Philippines, and Brazil. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 32(3), 452–475. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2569

Bürgin, D., Anagnostopoulos, D., Vitiello, B., Sukale, T., Schmid, M., & Fegert, J. M. (2022). Impact of war and forced displacement on children's mental health–multilevel, needs‐oriented, and trauma‐informed approaches. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(6), 845–853.

Cockbain, E., & Sidebottom, A. (2022). War, displacement, and human trafficking and exploitation: Findings from an evidence‐gathering roundtable in response to the war in Ukraine. Journal of Human Trafficking, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2022.2128242

Cullen, W., Gulati, G., & Kelly, B. D. (2020). Mental health in the COVID‐19 pandemic. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(5), 311–312. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa110

Derogatis, L. R., & Kathryn, L. (2000). The SCL‐90‐R and brief symptom inventory (BSI) in primary care. In Handbook of psychological assessment in primary care settings (pp. 310–347). Routledge.

Eshel Y., Kimhi, S., Marciano, H., Adini, B., (2023). Predictors of PTSD and psychological distress symptoms of Ukraine civilians during war. Disaster Medicine Public Health Preparedness. Accepted for publication.

Flockhart, T., & Korosteleva, E. A. (2022). War in Ukraine: Putin and the multi‐order world. Contemporary Security Policy, 43(3), 466–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2022.2091591

Germann, J. N., Leonard, D., Stuenzi, T. J., Pop, R. B., Stewart, S. M., & Leavey, P. J. (2015). Hoping is coping: A guiding theoretical framework for promoting coping and adjustment following a pediatric cancer diagnosis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 40(9), 846–855. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsv027

Hang, N. K., Trang, L. T., Huong, H. T., Huong, N. T., Khoi, N. D., Nguyen, M., & Le, K. (2021). The Long‐run effects of war: A literature review. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/kg39r

Hellegers, P. (2022). Food security vulnerability due to trade dependencies on Russia and Ukraine. Food Security, 14(6), 1503–1510.

Jarymowicz, M., & Bar‐Tal, D. (2006). The dominance of fear over hope in the life of individuals and collectives. Europian Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 367–392. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.302

Johnson, R. J., Antonaccio, O., Botchkovar, E., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2022). War trauma and PTSD in Ukraine's civilian population: Comparing urban‐dwelling to internally displaced persons. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 57(9), 1807–1816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02176-9

Kimhi, S. (2016). Levels of resilience: Associations among individual, community, and national resilience. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(2), 164–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314524009

Kimhi, S., & Eshel, Y. (2016). Demographic characteristics and sense of danger predicting a new measure of individual resilience following a war. Journal of Community Medicine Health Education, 6(5), 472–480.

Kimhi, S., & Eshel, Y. (2019). Measuring national resilience: A new short version of the scale (NR‐13). Journal of Community Resilience., 47(3), 517–528. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22135

Kimhi, S., Eshel, Y., Adini, B., Aruta, J. J. B. R., Antazo, B. G., Briones‐Diato, A., Reinert, M., da Silva, J. D., Verdu, F. C., & Marciano, H. (2021). Distress and resilience in days of COVID‐19: International study of samples from Israel, Brazil, and the Philippines. Cross‐Cultural Research, 55(5), 415–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/10693971211026806

Kimhi, S., Eshel, Y., Marciano, H., & Adini, B. (2020). A renewed outbreak of the COVID–19 pandemic: A longitudinal study of distress, resilience, and subjective well‐being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7743. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217743

Kimhi, S., Eshel, Y., Marciano, H., & Adini, B. (2023). Impact of the war in Ukraine on resilience, protective, and vulnerability factors. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1053940

Kizub, D., Melnitchouk, N., Beznosenko, A., Shabat, G., Semeniv, S., Nogueira, L., Watson, P. J., Berg, K., Trapido, E. J., Espinel, Z., & Shultz, J. M. (2022). Resilience and perseverance under siege: Providing cancer care during the invasion of Ukraine. The Lancet Oncology, 23(5), 579–583.

Kruglanski, A. W., Molinario, E., & Lemay, E. P. (2021). Coping with COVID‐19‐induced threats to self. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24, 284–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220982074

Kurapov, A., Pavlenko, V., Drozdov, A., Bezliudna, V., Reznik, A., & Isralowitz, R. (2022). Toward an understanding of the Russian‐Ukrainian war impact on university students and personnel. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1–8.

Kuzio, T. (2022). Russia's self‐defeating invasion: Why Vladimir Putin has lost Ukraine forever. Retrieved May 9, 2022, from: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/russias-self-defeating-invasion-why-vladimir-putin-has-lost-ukraine-forever/

Leykin, D., Lahad, M., Cohen, O., Goldberg, A., & Aharonson‐Daniel, L. (2013). Conjoint community resiliency assessment measure‐28/10 items (CCRAM28 & CCRAM10): A self‐report tool for assessing community resilience. American Journal of Community Psychology, 52, 313–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-013-9596-0

Liadze, I., Macchiarelli, C., Mortimer‐Lee, P., & Juanino, P. S. (2022). The economic costs of the Russia‐Ukraine conflict.

Lim, W. M., Chin, M. W. C., Ee, Y. S., Fung, C. Y., Giang, C. S., Heng, K. S., Kong, M. L. F., Lim, A. S. S., Lim, B. C. Y., Lim, R. T. H., Lim, T. Y., Ling, C. C., Mandrinos, S., Nwobodo, S., Phang, C. S. C., She, L., Sim, C. H., Su, S. I., Wee, G. W. E., & Weissmann, M. A. (2022). What is at stake in a war? A prospective evaluation of Ukraine and Russia conflict for business and society. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 41(6), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.22162

Malksoo, M. (2022). The postcolonial moment in Russia's war against Ukraine. Journal of Genocide Research, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2022.2074947

Marciano, H., Eshel, Y., Kimhi, S., & Adini, B. (2022). Hope and fear of threats as predictors of coping with two major adversities, the COVID‐19 pandemic, and an armed conflict. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031123

Marciano, H., Kimhi, S., & Eshel, Y. (2020). Predictors of individual, community and national resiliencies of Israeli Jews and Arabs. International Journal of Psychology, 55(4), 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12636

Medvedev, O. N., & Landhuis, C. E. (2018). Exploring constructs of well‐being, happiness, and quality of life. Peer Journal, 6, e4903. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4903

Métais, C., Burel, N., Gillham, J. E., Tarquinio, C., & Martin‐Krumm, C. (2022). An integrative review of the recent literature on human resilience: From concepts, theories, and discussions towards a complex understanding. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 18(1), 98–119. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.2251

Morales‐Rodríguez, F. M., Martínez‐Ramón, J. P., Méndez, I., & Ruiz‐Esteban, C. (2021). Stress, coping, and resilience before and after COVID‐19: A predictive model based on artificial intelligence in the university environment. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 647964. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647964

Obrist, B., Pfeiffer, C., & Henley, R. (2010). Multi‐layered social resilience: A new approach in mitigation research. Progress in Development Studies, 10(4), 283–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/146499340901000402

Ozili, P. K. (2022). Global economic consequence of Russian invasion of Ukraine. Available at SSRN.

Prior, T. (2018). Resilience: The ‘fifth wave’ in the evolution of deterrence. In Strategic trends 2018 (pp. 63–80). Center for Security Studies (CSS).

Scott, S. B., Poulin, M. J., & Silver, R. C. (2013). A lifespan perspective on terrorism: Age differences in trajectories of response to 9/11. Developmental Psychology, 49(5), 986–998. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028916

Shaban, O. S., Al‐Zubi, Z., Ali, N., & Alqotaish, A. (2017). The effect of low morale and motivation on employees' productivity & competitiveness in Jordanian industrial companies. International Business Research, 10(7), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v10n7p1

Shapira, S. (2022). Trajectories of community resilience over a multi‐crisis period: A repeated cross‐sectional study among small rural communities in Southern Israel. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 15(76), 103006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103006

Shapira, S., Cohen, O., & Aharonson‐Daniel, L. (2020). The contribution of personal and place‐related attributes to the resilience of conflict‐affected communities. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 72, 101520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101520

Sheather, J. (2022). As Russian troops cross into Ukraine, we need to remind ourselves of the impact of war on health. BMJ, 376.

Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual‐differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570

Snyder, C. R., Sympson, S. C., Ybasco, F. C., Borders, T. F., Babyak, M. A., & Higgins, R. L. (1996). Development and validation of the state hope scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.321

Solomon, Z., & Prager, E. (1992). Elderly Israeli Holocaust survivors during the Persian Gulf War: A study of psychological distress. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(12), 1707–1710. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.149.12.1707

Statistics Division, United Nations. (n.d.). Demographic and social statistics. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/vitstats/index.cshtml

Tampubolon, M. (2022). Russia's invasion of Ukraine and its impact on global geopolitics. ESJ Humanities, 18(20), 48–70. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n20p48

Teperik, D. (2022). Attitudes to survive the war: On Ukraine's resistance and national resilience. The Riga Conference Policy Brief. https://rigaconference.lv/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/LATO-WEB_Broshura_1_2022.pdf

Teperik, D., Miroshkin, I., Iliuk, O., Apetyk, A., Snihur, L., Senkiv, G., Dubov, D., & Pokalchuk, O. (2021). Resilient Ukraine – a delicate nosaic? Society, Media, Security, and Future Prospects. Research report. Tallinn, Estonia: International Centre for Defence and Security, ISBN 978‐9916‐9699‐3‐9 (pdf), https://icds.ee/en/resilient-ukraine-a-delicate-mosaic-society-media-security-and-future-prospects

UNHCR. (2022). Refugees fleeing Ukraine. Technical report. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine

World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations. (n.d.). World population prospects ‐ population division ‐ United Nations. https://population.un.org/wpp/

Hope and Distress: A Cross-Country Study Amid the Russian-Ukrainian War