Extracellular vesicles can play an important role in the processes occurring after stem cell transplantation, preventing cell apoptosis, stimulating immunological processes, and promoting the synthesis of extracellular matrix. Human follicular fluid (FF) can be a source of a subpopulation of cells with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) properties. Moreover these subpopulations of FF cells can differentiate into osteoblasts. In presented studies flow cytometry of ovarian FF cells confirmed positive expression of MSCs markers such as: CD44, CD90, CD105, CD73 and negative expression of a hematopoietic marker: CD45. The CD90+, CD105+, CD45- cell subpopulation has been obtained during magnetic separation using appropriate antibodies conjugated with microbeads. The extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by the cells during osteodifferentiation process differed from those secreted by cells culture in the basal medium. Based on the previous and current electron microscopy research, changes in size, number, and shape would support the notion that released EVs could be crucial to the ovarian FF cell subpopulation differentiation process. Osteogenic differentiation has been confirmed via Alizarin red staining. Therefore, follicular fluid (FF) can be a new source of a cell subpopulation with MSC properties, with the cells capable of differentiating into the osteogenic lineage. EVs could play a key role as mediators in tissue regeneration, especially bone tissue regeneration.

Center for Gynecology Obstetrics and Infertility Treatment Pastelova Pastelowa 8 60 198 Poznan Poland

Department of Anatomy Poznan University of Medical Sciences 6 Święcickiego St 60 781 Poznan Poland

Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology Greater Poland Cancer Center 15 Garbary St 61 866 Poznań Poland; Department of Cancer Immunology Poznan University of Medical Sciences 5 Garbary St 61 866 Poznań Poland

Department of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infertility Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Infertility Treatment Karol Marcinkowski University Poznan University of Medical Sciences 33 Polna St 60 535 Poznan Poland

Department of Histology and Embryology Poznan University of Medical Sciences 6 Swiecickiego St 60 781 Poznan Poland

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital and Masaryk University 62500 Brno Czechia

Division of Perinatology and Women's Diseases Poznan University of Medical Sciences 33 Polna St 60 535 Poznan Poland

Physiology Graduate Faculty North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital and Masaryk University 62500 Brno Czechia; Division of Anatomy Department of Human Morphology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Wroclaw Medical University Chalubinskiego 6a 50 368 Wroclaw Poland; Department of Veterinary Surgery Institute of Veterinary Medicine Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun 1 Lwowska St 87 100 Torun Poland

Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA; Physiology Graduate Faculty North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA

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