Extracellular vesicles
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Extracelulární vezikuly (EV) jsou transportní váčky derivované ze zdrojové buňky do extracelulárního prostředí. Představují nový pilíř mezibuněčné komunikace, neboť přenáší nukleové kyseliny, proteiny a různé signální molekuly, které jsou chráněny před degradací v extracelulárním prostředí a posléze jsou uvolněny fúzí vezikuly s cílovou buňkou. Transportní mechanismus je zajištěn povrchovými strukturami účastnícími se buněčné adheze. Je všeobecně známé, že všechny buněčné organismy jsou schopné tvořit EV. Většina lidských buněk je schopna produkovat EV, díky tomu je možná jejich detekce ve všech tělesných kompartmentech. EV při svém objevu byly vnímány jako nepotřebné odpadní váčky a stály na okraji zájmů. Zásluhou nově popsaným mechanismům transportu biologicky aktivních molekul je známo, že se EV účastní celé řady homeostatických mechanismů. V infekčním lékařství je nejvíce studována oblast modulace imunitní odpovědi, kdy jsou vnímány jako potenciální biomarkery, neboť jejich produkce či nesený obsah může být alterován za patologických stavů. U mikrobů stojí v popředí interakce na úrovni patogen-patogen a patogen-hostitel. Další možností je potenciální využití EV jako transportních lékových systémů a nových cílů farmakoterapie.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mother cell derived transport units released into the extracellular environment. They are a new pillar of intercellular communication as they carry nucleic acids, proteins, and other signalling molecules, protecting them from degradation in the extracellular environment until fusion of the vesicle with the target cell. The transport mechanism relies on surface structures involved in cell adhesion. It is well known that all cellular organisms are capable of producing EVs. Most human cells have this capability, and EVs can be detected in all body compartments. At the time of their discovery, EVs were considered as useless waste vesicles of marginal interest. Thanks to the newly described transport mechanisms of biologically active molecules, EVs are currently known to participate in a variety of homeostatic mechanisms. In infectious diseases, the most studied area is the modulation of the immune response, where they are seen as potential biomarkers, as their production or the content they carry can be altered under pathological conditions. For microbes, interactions at the pathogen-pathogen and pathogen-host level are at the forefront of attention. EVs also have potential for use as drug delivery systems and novel targets for pharmacotherapy.
- MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- exozómy klasifikace mikrobiologie MeSH
- extracelulární vezikuly * fyziologie klasifikace mikrobiologie MeSH
- fyziologie bakterií MeSH
- fyziologie virů MeSH
- mezibuněčná komunikace genetika MeSH
- transportní vezikuly fyziologie klasifikace mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Extracelulární váčky (EV) jsou částice obalené dvojvrstvou lipidovou membránou uvolňované z buněk do okolního prostředí. Mezi hlavní typy EV patří apoptotická tělíska, mikrovezikly a exozomy. Exozomy jsou z EV nejlépe prozkoumané. Do exozomů jsou cíleně zabudovány proteiny a RNA zdrojových buněk. Díky přítomnosti v tělních tekutinách mohou být exozomy a zejména proteiny a RNA nesené těmito váčky využity ke sledování vzdálených či nedostupných buněk. Kromě tohoto potenciálu v diagnostice mohou být exozomy využity i v léč-bě např. k podpoře hojení, modulaci zánětu či k dopravě léčivých přípravků do cílových míst v organismu. Z těchto důvodů se exozomy těší intenzivními zájmu v biomedicínském výzkumu.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer membrane enveloped particles released by cells to extracellular space. Major EV types are represented by apoptotic bodies, micro-vesicles and exosomes. Exosomes are the best characterized EVs. Certain proteins and RNAs may be directly incorporated into exosomes during their biogenesis. Due to their availability in body fluids, exosomes may be used to monitor distant or inaccessible organs. Beside this diagnostic potential, exosomes can be used in therapeutic applications to support healing, modulate inflammation or as carriers of therapeutic agents to target sites in an organism. From these reasons, exosomes are in center of current biomedical research.
1 online zdroj
- MeSH
- transportní vezikuly * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- periodika MeSH
- Konspekt
- Buněčná biologie. Cytologie
- NLK Obory
- cytologie, klinická cytologie
Prions are responsible for a number of lethal neurodegenerative and transmissible diseases in humans and animals. Extracellular vesicles, especially small exosomes, have been extensively studied in connection with various diseases. In contrast, larger microvesicles are often overlooked. In this work, we compared the ability of large extracellular vesicles (lEVs) and small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) to spread prions in cell culture. We utilized CAD5 cell culture model of prion infection and isolated lEVs by 20,000×g force and sEVs by 110,000×g force. The lEV fraction was enriched in β-1 integrin with a vesicle size starting at 100 nm. The fraction of sEVs was partially depleted of β-1 integrin with a mean size of 79 nm. Both fractions were enriched in prion protein, but the lEVs contained a higher prion-converting activity. In addition, lEV infection led to stronger prion signals in both cell cultures, as detected by cell and western blotting. These results were verified on N2a-PK1 cell culture. Our data suggest the importance of lEVs in the trafficking and spread of prions over extensively studied small EVs.
Močové extracelulární vezikuly (uEVs) představují slibný nástroj pro neinvazivní diagnostiku a monitorování onemocnění ledvin. Tyto vezikuly, secernované buňkami ledvin, obsahují biomolekuly odrážející stav mateřských buněk. Výzkum se zaměřuje na využití uEVs jako biomarkerů pro chronická onemocnění ledvin, akutní poškození ledvin, diabetickou nefropatii a monitorování po transplantaci ledvin. Kromě diagnostického potenciálu jsou uEVs zkoumány pro terapeutické aplikace v regeneraci ledvinové tkáně. Přes výzvy v standardizaci izolačních a analytických metod uEVs, pokrok ve vývoji metod charakterizace uEVs podporuje jejich klinické využití.
Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) represent a promising tool for non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of kidney disease. These vesicles, secreted by kidney cells, contain biomolecules reflecting the status of the parent cells. Research focuses on using uEVs as biomarkers for chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy and monitoring kidney transplantation. In addition to diagnostic potential, uEVs are being investigated for therapeutic applications in kidney tissue regeneration. Despite challenges in standardizing uEVs isolation and analysis methods, progress in the development of uEVs characterization methods supports their clinical use.
- Klíčová slova
- močové extracelulární vezikuly,
- MeSH
- biologické markery * analýza MeSH
- COP-vezikuly fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci ledvin * diagnóza patofyziologie MeSH
- urogenitální systém anatomie a histologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
We provided the first known evidence of the presence and release of extracellular vesicles in adults of important model tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Two different subtypes have been observed on the surface of the worm and among the secretory products confirmed by several microscopical methods. Proteomic analysis revealed the presence of parasite-specific proteins as well as those of the host in purified extracellular vesicles. Among the protein cargo, we identified potential drug targets, vaccine candidates and H. diminuta antigens. Finally, the protein composition further revealed proteins participating in the endosomal complex required for transport-dependent biogenesis pathway.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as critical mediators of intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment (TME), profoundly influencing cancer progression. These nano-sized vesicles, released by both tumor and stromal cells, carry a diverse cargo of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, reflecting the dynamic cellular landscape and mediating intricate interactions between cells. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biogenesis, composition, and functional roles of EVs in cancer, highlighting their significance in both basic research and clinical applications. We discuss how cancer cells manipulate EV biogenesis pathways to produce vesicles enriched with pro-tumorigenic molecules, explore the specific contributions of EVs to key hallmarks of cancer, such as angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune evasion, emphasizing their role in shaping TME and driving therapeutic resistance. Concurrently, we submit recent knowledge on how the cargo of EVs can serve as a valuable source of biomarkers for minimally invasive liquid biopsies, and its therapeutic potential, particularly as targeted drug delivery vehicles and immunomodulatory agents, showcasing their promise for enhancing the efficacy and safety of cancer treatments. By deciphering the intricate messages carried by EVs, we can gain a deeper understanding of cancer biology and develop more effective strategies for early detection, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, paving the way for a new era of personalized and precise cancer medicine with the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes.
- MeSH
- extracelulární vezikuly * metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mezibuněčná komunikace * MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery metabolismus MeSH
- nádorové mikroprostředí * MeSH
- nádory * metabolismus patologie terapie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The human gut microbiome encompasses inter alia, the myriad bacterial species that create the optimal host-microorganism balance essential for normal metabolic and immune function. Various lines of evidence suggest that dysregulation of the microbiota-host interaction is linked to pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Extracellular vesicles (EVs), found in virtually all body fluids and produced by both eukaryotic cells and bacteria are involved in cell-cell communication and crosstalk mechanisms, such as the immune response, barrier function and intestinal flora. This review highlights advancements in knowledge of the functional role that EVs may have in IBD and CRC, and discusses the possible use of EVs derived from intestinal microbiota in therapeutic strategies for treating these conditions.
- MeSH
- Bacteria MeSH
- extracelulární vezikuly * MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty * MeSH
- kolorektální nádory * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiota * MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Over the last decade, research interest in defining how extracellular vesicles (EVs) shape cross-species communication has grown rapidly. Parasitic helminths, worm species found in the phyla Nematoda and Platyhelminthes, are well-recognised manipulators of host immune function and physiology. Emerging evidence supports a role for helminth-derived EVs in these processes and highlights EVs as an important participant in cross-phylum communication. While the mammalian EV field is guided by a community-agreed framework for studying EVs derived from model organisms or cell systems [e.g., Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV)], the helminth community requires a supplementary set of principles due to the additional challenges that accompany working with such divergent organisms. These challenges include, but are not limited to, generating sufficient quantities of EVs for descriptive or functional studies, defining pan-helminth EV markers, genetically modifying these organisms, and identifying rigorous methodologies for in vitro and in vivo studies. Here, we outline best practices for those investigating the biology of helminth-derived EVs to complement the MISEV guidelines. We summarise community-agreed standards for studying EVs derived from this broad set of non-model organisms, raise awareness of issues associated with helminth EVs and provide future perspectives for how progress in the field will be achieved.
- MeSH
- cizopasní červi * MeSH
- extracelulární vezikuly * fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- savci MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
