Large language models (LLMs) are artificial intelligence (AI) based computational models designed to understand and generate human like text. With billions of training parameters, LLMs excel in identifying intricate language patterns, enabling remarkable performance across a variety of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. After the introduction of transformer architectures, they are impacting the industry with their text generation capabilities. LLMs play an innovative role across various industries by automating NLP tasks. In healthcare, they assist in diagnosing diseases, personalizing treatment plans, and managing patient data. LLMs provide predictive maintenance in automotive industry. LLMs provide recommendation systems, and consumer behavior analyzers. LLMs facilitates researchers and offer personalized learning experiences in education. In finance and banking, LLMs are used for fraud detection, customer service automation, and risk management. LLMs are driving significant advancements across the industries by automating tasks, improving accuracy, and providing deeper insights. Despite these advancements, LLMs face challenges such as ethical concerns, biases in training data, and significant computational resource requirements, which must be addressed to ensure impartial and sustainable deployment. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of LLMs, their evolution, and their diverse applications across industries, offering researchers valuable insights into their transformative potential and the accompanying limitations.

Applied Science Research Center Applied Science Private University Amman Jordan

Department of Computer Science COMSATS University Sahiwal Campus Islamabad Pakistan

Department of Computer Science Electrical and Space Engineering Luleå University of Technology Luleå Sweden

Department of Computer Science Riphah International University Lahore Campus Lahore Pakistan

IT4Innovations VSB Technical University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic

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