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Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups

Swami, Viren
Author Swami, Viren ORCID School of Psychology, Sport and Sensory Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Stieger, Stefan
Author Stieger, Stefan Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
Voracek, Martin
Author Voracek, Martin ORCID Faculty of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Aavik, Toivo
Author Aavik, Toivo Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Abdollahpour Ranjbar, Hamed
Author Abdollahpour Ranjbar, Hamed Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
Adebayo, Sulaiman Olanrewaju
Author Adebayo, Sulaiman Olanrewaju Department of Psychology and Behavioural Studies, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Afhami, Reza
Author Afhami, Reza ORCID Department of Art Studies, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Ahmed, Oli
Author Ahmed, Oli ORCID Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
Aimé, Annie
Author Aimé, Annie Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada
Akel, Marwan
Author Akel, Marwan INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology, Beirut, Lebanon School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon

PloS one. 2025 ; 20 (1) : e0313107. [pub] 20250122

PLoS One
ISSN 1932-6203
Medvik
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The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) is a widely used self-report measure of subjective well-being, but studies of its measurement invariance across a large number of nations remain limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset-with data collected between 2020 and 2022 -to assess measurement invariance of the SWLS across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N = 56,968). All participants completed the SWLS under largely uniform conditions. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that configural and metric invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional SWLS model has universal applicability. Full scalar invariance was achieved across gender identities and age groups. Based on alignment optimisation methods, partial scalar invariance was achieved across all but three national groups and across all languages represented in the BINS. There were large differences in latent SWLS means across nations and languages, but negligible-to-small differences across gender identities and age groups. Across nations, greater life satisfaction was significantly associated with greater financial security and being in a committed relationship or married. The results of this study suggest that the SWLS largely assesses a common unidimensional construct of life satisfaction irrespective of respondent characteristics (i.e., national group, gender identities, and age group) or survey presentation (i.e., survey language). This has important implications for the assessment of life satisfaction across nations and provides information that will be useful for practitioners aiming to promote subjective well-being internationally.

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