The highly contagious zoonosis coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, and has led to a global health crisis with nearly 777 million confirmed infections and over 7 million deaths worldwide by November 10, 2024.1-3 Over time, various variants emerged, with Omicron and its sublines dominating the world over the past 3 years.4 In addition, there is increasing evidence regarding the immune response of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, especially for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) receiving disease-modifying therapies. Hence, with this review, we aim to provide an updated overview and recommendations for clinical practice regarding MS and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, including efficacy and safety, SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccine hesitancy, and the immune response under treatment with respective disease-modifying therapies.

Brain and Mind Center University of Sydney Australia; and

Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health Medical University of Vienna Austria

Department of Neurology Inselspital Bern University Hospital University of Bern Switzerland

Department of Neurology Medical Faculty Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf Heinrich Heine University Germany

Department of Neurology Medical University of Vienna Austria

Department of Neurology Palacky University Olomouc Czech Republic

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