3D bioprinting is revolutionizing tissue engineering and regenerative medicine by enabling the precise fabrication of biologically functional constructs. At its core, the success of 3D bioprinting hinges on the development of bioinks, hydrogel-based materials that support cellular viability, proliferation, and differentiation. However, conventional bioinks face limitations in mechanical strength, biological activity, and customization. Recent advancements in genetic engineering have addressed these challenges by enhancing the properties of bioinks through genetic modifications. These innovations allow the integration of stimuli-responsive elements, bioactive molecules, and extracellular matrix (ECM) components, significantly improving the mechanical integrity, biocompatibility, and functional adaptability of bioinks. This review explores the state-of-the-art genetic approaches to bioink development, emphasizing microbial engineering, genetic functionalization, and the encapsulation of growth factors. It highlights the transformative potential of genetically modified bioinks in various applications, including bone and cartilage regeneration, cardiac and liver tissue engineering, neural tissue reconstruction, and vascularization. While these advances hold promise for personalized and adaptive therapeutic solutions, challenges in scalability, reproducibility, and integration with multi-material systems persist. By bridging genetics and bioprinting, this interdisciplinary field paves the way for sophisticated constructs and innovative therapies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Department of Biotechnology Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology Murthal 131039 India

Department of Biotechnology Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 India

Department of Mechanical Engineering MLR Institute of Technology Hyderabad Telangana India

Department of Nuclear and Renewable Energy Ural Federal University Named After the 1st President of Russia Boris 19 Mira Street 620002 Ekaterinburg Yeltsin Russia

ENET Centre VSB Technical University of Ostrava 70800 Ostrava Czech Republic

Karnavati University Gandhinagar 382422 Gujarat India

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