Recurrent epidemics and pandemics caused by seasonal human influenza viruses result in substantial morbidity and are a significant public health burden worldwide annually. Antiviral drugs are used to treat influenza infections but have several limitations.. Therefore, monoclonal antibody therapy is an exciting and promising approach. Nanobodies, also known as single-domain antibodies, are a new class derived from heavy-chain-only antibodies found in camelids like alpacas, llamas, and camels. These antibodies neutralize influenza viruses by targeting various proteins through multiple mechanisms. For example, they can target the hemagglutinin protein to prevent its functions. By focusing on conserved epitopes, they can neutralize a variety of influenza subtypes, including seasonal flu strains and possible pandemic variants. Additionally, these antibodies can neutralize free-floating viruses in the extracellular environment, preventing them from infecting cells. They can reduce the viral load and limit the spread of the infection. Using nanobodies to neutralize influenza viruses provides numerous advantages compared to conventional antibodies. Thanks to their unique properties, nanobodies play a crucial role in fighting influenza, improving disease management, and strengthening public health responses. In this review, we summarize the role of nanobodies in influenza virus neutralization.

Centre for Research Impact and Outcome Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Rajpura 140401 Punjab India

College of Pharmacy the Islamic University Najaf Iraq

College of Pharmacy the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah Al Diwaniyah Iraq

Department of Allied Science Graphic Era Hill University Dehradun Uttarakhand 248002 India

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry School of Sciences JAIN Bangalore Karnataka India

Department of Chemistry Chandigarh Engineering College Chandigarh Group of Colleges Jhanjeri Mohali Punjab 140307 India

Department of Dermatovenerology Pediatric Dermatovenerology and AIDS Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute Bogishamol Street 223 Tashkent 100140 Uzbekistan

Department of Infectious Disease Zanjan University of Medical Sciences Zanjan Iran

Department of Microbiology Faculty of Science Marwadi University Research Center Marwadi University Rajkot 360003 Gujarat India

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Pharmacy Al Farahidi University Baghdad Iraq

Faculty of Pharmacy Middle East University Amman 11831 Jordan

Graphic Era Deemed to Be University Dehradun Uttarakhand India

Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center Department of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine AJA University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

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