In (immune)oncology, virtual twins (VTs) offer patient-individual decision support. Nevertheless, current VTs do not incorporate the unique properties of engineered adoptive cellular immunotherapies (eACIs). Here, we outline the minimal design specifications for VTs for engineered ACIs (eACI-VTs) to model the complex interplay between cell product and patient physiology. We motivate utilizing VTs in eACIs to provide decision support and reflect on how eACI-VTs can support the widespread use of eACIs.

Bonn Aachen International Center for IT University of Bonn Bonn Germany

Cellular Therapy and Immunobiology Working Party Leiden The Netherlands

Center for Scalable Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence Dresden Leipzig Germany

Center for Translational Immunology and Department of Hematology University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands

Chronic Malignancy Working Party Multiple Myeloma Sub committee Chair CAR T of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Leiden The Netherlands

Collaborate Project Management Munich Germany

CREATIC Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czechia

Department of Hematology Hemostaseology and Cellular Therapy University Hospital of Leipzig Leipzig Germany

Department of Hematology Oncology and Tumorimmunology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany

Department of Internal Medicine 2 Chair of Cellular Immunotherapy University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg Germany

Department of Stem Cell Transplantation University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg Germany

European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Leiden The Netherlands

F Hoffmann LaRoche AG Basel Switzerland

Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing SCAI Sankt Augustin Germany

Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Cellular Immunotherapy Branch Site Würzburg Würzburg Germany

Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Leipzig Germany

HealthTree Foundation Inc Lehi UT USA

Hematology and Cellular Therapy Department Hopital Pitié Salpêtrière APHP Sorbonne Université Paris France

Information Technology for Translational Medicine S A Esch sur Alzette Luxembourg

Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery Universität Leipzig Leipzig Germany

INSERM U900 Paris France

Institut Curie INSERM U 1331 Mines Paris Tech PSL Research University Paris France

Institute for Clinical Immunology University Hospital of Leipzig Leipzig Germany

Institute for Drug Discovery Faculty of Medicine Leipzig University Leipzig Germany

Lifeware Group Inria Paris France

Medicine Campus MEDiC of the Dresden University of Technology at Klinikum Chemnitz gGmbH Chemnitz Germany

Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Unit University of Toulouse UPS CNRS Toulouse France

Myeloma Patients Europe AISBL Brussels Belgium

Myeloma Service Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York USA

Research Center Information Law and Society University of Namur Namur Belgium

Singleron Biotechnologies GmbH Cologne Germany

TriNetX Oncology GmbH Freiburg Germany

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