Selective, sensitive and affordable techniques to detect disease and underlying health issues have been developed recently. Biosensors as nanoanalytical tools have taken a front seat in this context. Nanotechnology-enabled progress in the health sector has aided in disease and pandemic management at a very early stage efficiently. This report reflects the state-of-the-art of nanobiosensor-based virus detection technology in terms of their detection methods, targets, limits of detection, range, sensitivity, assay time, etc. The article effectively summarizes the challenges with traditional technologies and newly emerging biosensors, including the nanotechnology-based detection kit for COVID-19; optically enhanced technology; and electrochemical, smart and wearable enabled nanobiosensors. The less explored but crucial piezoelectric nanobiosensor and the reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP)-based biosensor are also discussed here. The article could be of significance to researchers and doctors dedicated to developing potent, versatile biosensors for the rapid identification of COVID-19. This kind of report is needed for selecting suitable treatments and to avert epidemics.
There is a new public health crisis threatening the world with the emergence and spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease was later named novel coronavirus disease or COVID-19. It was then declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The virus originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through unknown intermediary animals in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019. As of February 5, 2021, 103 million laboratory-confirmed cases and nearly 2.3 million deaths were reported globally. The number of death tolls continues to rise, and a large number of countries have been forced to maintain social distance in public place and enforce lockdown. As per literature, coronavirus is transmitted human to human or human to animal via airborne droplets. Coronavirus enters the human cell through the membrane ACE-2 exopeptidase receptor. WHO, ECDC, and ICMR advised avoiding public places and close contact with infected persons and pet animals. To date, there is no evidence of any effective treatment for COVID-19. The main therapies being used to treat the disease are antiviral drugs, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, and respiratory therapy. Although several therapies have been proposed, quarantine is the only intervention that appears to be effective in decreasing the contagion rate. We conducted a literature review of publicly available information to summarize knowledge about the pathogen and the current epidemic. In the present literature review, the causative agent of the pandemic, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnostic techniques are discussed. Further, currently used treatment, preventive strategies along with vaccine trials and computational tools are all described in detail.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * MeSH
- hydroxychlorochin MeSH
- kontrola infekčních nemocí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pandemie MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The present armamentarium of commercially available antidotes provides limited protection against the neurological effects of organophosphate exposure. Hence, there is an urgent need to design and develop molecules that can protect and reactivate inhibited-AChE in the central nervous system. Some natural compounds like glucose and certain amino acids (glutamate, the anion of glutamic acid) can easily cross the blood brain barrier although they are highly polar. Glucose is mainly transported by systems like glucose transporter protein type 1 (GLUT1). For this reason, a series of non-quaternary and quaternary glycosylated imidazolium oximes with different alkane linkers have been designed and synthesized. These compounds were evaluated for their in-vitro reactivation ability against pesticide (paraoxon-ethyl and paraoxon-methyl) inhibited-AChE and compared with standards antidote AChE reactivators pralidoxime and obidoxime. Several physicochemical properties including acid dissociation constant (pKa), logP, logD, HBD and HBA, have also been assessed for reported compounds. Out of the synthesized compounds, three have exhibited comparable potency with a standard antidote (pralidoxime).
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory toxicita MeSH
- Electrophorus metabolismus MeSH
- imidazoly chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- oximy chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- pesticidy toxicita MeSH
- reaktivátory cholinesterázy chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Organophosphate (OP)-based pesticides and nerve agents are highly toxic compounds which interrupt the catalytic mechanism of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by phosphorylating the hydroxyl moiety of serine residue. The inhibited enzyme can be reactivated by the nucleophilic action of oxime reactivators. To analyze the effect of different AChE sources on reactivation efficacy of reactivators, several in vivo studies have carried out using variety of AChE sources like pig, rat and monkey. Investigations on species differences provide a better insight for the development of new reactivators. Hence, present study was mainly targeted on comparative analysis of the reactivation of electric eel and human AChE inhibited by different OP. A series of butene-linked bis-pyridinium mono oximes which vary in functional groups present at the second pyridinium ring have been examined against sarin, VX, tabun and ethyl-paraoxon-poisoned AChE. In case of tabun-inhibited AChEs, tested oximes were better than reference oximes. For VX-poisoned human AChE, reactivator K251 (kr2;1.51 mM (-) (1 )min (-) (1)) showed good reactivation efficacy with standard oximes. Studies stipulated that butene-linked oximes consisting of different functional moieties are good reactivators and found to have better efficacy to reactivate nerve agent-inhibited human AChE in comparison to eel AChE.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory farmakologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- Electrophorus MeSH
- erytrocytární membrána účinky léků enzymologie MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- organofosfáty farmakologie MeSH
- oximy farmakologie MeSH
- reaktivátory cholinesterázy farmakologie MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
x
- MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory farmakologie chemie MeSH
- enzymové reaktivátory * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- farmakologické účinky - molekulární mechanismy MeSH
- hematoencefalická bariéra enzymologie metabolismus MeSH
- organofosfáty * farmakologie chemie toxicita MeSH
- oximy * farmakologie chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- pyridinové sloučeniny farmakologie chemie MeSH
- reaktivátory cholinesterázy farmakologie chemie MeSH
- spektrofotometrie metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- vazebná místa MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- xyleny MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The search of proficient oximes as reactivators of irreversibly inhibited-AChE by organophosphate poisoning necessitates an appropriate assessment of their physicochemical properties and reactivation kinetics. Therefore, herein acid dissociation constant; pKa, lipophilicity; logP, polar surface area, hydrogen bond donor and acceptor counts of structurally different oximes (two tertiary oximes and thirteen pyridinium aldoxime derivatives) have been evaluated. The experimentally obtained data for pKa has been comparatively analyzed by using non-linear regression. Further the tested oximes were screened through in vitro reactivation kinetics against paraoxon-inhibited AChE. The pKa values of all the examined oximes were within the range of 7.50-9.53. pKa values of uncharged and mono-pyridinium oximes were in good correlation with their reactivation potency. The high negative logP values of pyridinium oxime reactivators indicate their high hydrophilic character; hence oximes with improved lipophilicity should be designed for the development of novel and more potent antidotes. Propane and butane linked oximes were superior reactivators than xylene linked bis-oxime reactivators. It is concluded from the present study that pKa value is not only ruled by the position of oximino functionality in the pyridinium ring, but also by the position of linker. Although, pyridinium oximes are proved to be better reactivators but their lipophilicity has to be improved.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- chemie fyzikální MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- oximy chemie farmakologie MeSH
- paraoxon antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- reaktivátory cholinesterázy chemie farmakologie MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
