Consumption of alcohol and new psychoactive substances (NPS) in a population or during special events (music festivals) is usually monitored through individual questionnaires, forensic and toxicological data, and drug seizures. However, consumption estimates have some biases due mostly to the unknown composition of drug pills for NPS and stockpiling for alcohol. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the real use of alcohol and the occurrence of NPS in Slovakia by wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). Urban wastewater samples were collected from nine Slovak cities over two years (2017-2018) and during three music festivals. The study included about 20% of the Slovak population and 50 000 festival attendees. The urinary alcohol biomarker ethyl sulfate (EtS) and thirty NPS were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC - MS/MS). EtS concentrations were used for estimating the per capita alcohol consumption in each city. The average alcohol consumption in the selected cities and festivals in 2017-2018 ranged between 7 and 126 L/day/1000 inhabitants and increased during the weekends and music festivals. Five NPS belonging to the classes of synthetic cathinones (mephedrone, methcathinone, buphedrone and pentedrone) and phenethylamines (25-iP-NBoMe) were found in the low ng/L range. Methcathinone was the most frequently detected NPS, while the highest normalized mass load corresponded to mephedrone (3.1 mg/day/1000 inhabitants). Wastewater-based epidemiology can provide timely information on alcohol consumption and NPS occurrence at the community level that is complementary to epidemiology-based monitoring techniques (e.g. population surveys, police seizures, sales statistics).
- MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová metody MeSH
- dovolená MeSH
- epidemiologie odpadních vod * MeSH
- estery kyseliny sírové analýza moč MeSH
- ethanol analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odpadní voda chemie MeSH
- pití alkoholu epidemiologie MeSH
- psychotropní léky analýza moč MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie metody MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
The main source of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites, but also drugs, viruses and pathogens are usually waste waters. Waste water treatment plants (WWTP) have a limited ability to remove these substances, which consequently leads to their appearance in the environment. This review describes the reasons of WWTP's limited effectiveness, behaviour of pharmaceuticals and drugs in WWTP and also summarizes alternative biological, chemical and physico-chemical procedures and their modifications, able to effectively clean and disinfect waste waters. The paper also focuses on the virus issues which often occur in waste water, and describes how to eliminate them. Within the scientific community, the SARS-CoV-2 virus is currently being intensively studied due to the ongoing pandemic but the behaviour of the viruses and their inactivation in waste waters is still examined inadequately.
This work proposes a new method for pseudo-3D verification of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) dose distributions. Unlike commercial solutions, it uses measured doses only for gamma evaluation. Its resolution is far better than with electronic detectors within the measured plane and comparable in other directions. It is readily available at clinics because it uses existing resources-a slab phantom and EBT3 films. The method was tested on six IMRT clinical cases. An in-house code for 2D and pseudo-3D gamma analysis was written in MATLAB and compared to OmniPro I'mRT.
- MeSH
- celková dávka radioterapie MeSH
- fantomy radiodiagnostické * MeSH
- filmová dozimetrie přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory prostaty radioterapie MeSH
- plánování radioterapie pomocí počítače přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- radioterapie s modulovanou intenzitou přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- záření gama MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The presence of pharmaceuticals, drugs and their metabolites in the environment grows and represents an actual environmental problem, there is an increasing trend to involve new environmental technologies. We can therefore observe an increasing trend to involve new environmental technologies. Membrane technologies, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and their various modifications are the most frequently studied advanced technologies. There is also an effort to develop new types of drugs that are biodegradable in sewage disposal plants. The adverse effects of drugs in the environment are already reflected in the European Union legislation. Active substances, such as diclofenac, 17-α-ethinylestradiol and 17-β-estradiol, estrone, erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin, are included in the list of followed compounds in the water management monitoring. This screening was set up by the European Commission in 2015 to monitor and evaluate the risks posed by these compounds.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- maxila patologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- patro * patologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- rozštěp patra * chirurgie patologie terapie MeSH
- rozštěp rtu * chirurgie patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- gastrointestinální stromální tumory diagnóza genetika MeSH
- kritické cesty MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace genetika MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery MeSH
- protoonkogenní proteiny c-kit diagnostické užití genetika MeSH
- růstový faktor odvozený z trombocytů - receptor alfa diagnostické užití genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- geny erbB-2 genetika MeSH
- hybridizace in situ metody využití MeSH
- imunohistochemie metody využití MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory prsu genetika MeSH
- referenční hodnoty MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- geny erbB-2 genetika MeSH
- hybridizace in situ fluorescenční využití MeSH
- imunohistochemie metody využití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory prsu genetika mortalita MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
81 s. : il., tab. ; 22 cm
- MeSH
- klinické lékařství dějiny MeSH
- radiační onkologie dějiny MeSH
- radioterapie dějiny MeSH
- společnosti lékařské dějiny MeSH
- Publikační typ
- monografie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Konspekt
- Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
- NLK Obory
- radiologie, nukleární medicína a zobrazovací metody
