Dopamine is a biologically active amine synthesized in the central and peripheral nervous system. This biogenic monoamine acts by activating five types of dopamine receptors (D1-5 Rs), which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. Antagonists and partial agonists of D2 Rs are used to treat schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety. The typical pharmacophore with high D2 R affinity comprises four main areas, namely aromatic moiety, cyclic amine, central linker and aromatic/heteroaromatic lipophilic fragment. From the literature reviewed herein, we can conclude that 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl), 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-, 4-(benzo[b]thiophen-4-yl)-1-substituted piperazine, and 4-(6-fluorobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)piperidine moieties are critical for high D2 R affinity. Four to six atoms chains are optimal for D2 R affinity with 4-butoxyl as the most pronounced one. The bicyclic aromatic/heteroaromatic systems are most frequently occurring as lipophilic appendages to retain high D2 R affinity. In this review, we provide a thorough overview of the therapeutic potential of D2 R modulators in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders. In addition, this review summarizes current knowledge about these diseases, with a focus on the dopaminergic pathway underlying these pathologies. Major attention is paid to the structure, function, and pharmacology of novel D2 R ligands, which have been developed in the last decade (2010-2021), and belong to the 1,4-disubstituted aromatic cyclic amine group. Due to the abundance of data, allosteric D2 R ligands and D2 R modulators from patents are not discussed in this review.
- MeSH
- dopamin * metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ligandy MeSH
- receptory dopaminu D2 * agonisté metabolismus MeSH
- receptory spřažené s G-proteiny MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Dopamine type 2 receptors (D2Rs) constitute the main molecular target in the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. However, the second and third generation of antipsychotics comprises multi-target ligands, also binding serotonin type 3 receptors (5-HT3Rs) and other receptor classes as well. Here, we examined two experimental compounds (marked compound K1697 and K1700) from the group of 1,4-di-substituted aromatic piperazines, previously described in the study of Juza et al., 2021, and compared them with the chosen reference antipsychotic, aripiprazole. Their efficacy against schizophrenia-like behavior was tested in two different models of psychosis in the rat, induced by acute administration of either amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg) or dizocilpine (0.1 mg/kg), reflecting the dopaminergic and glutamatergic hypotheses of schizophrenia. The two models exhibited broadly similar behavioral manifestations: hyperlocomotion, disrupted social behavior and impaired prepulse inhibition of the startle response. However, they differed in their treatment responses as hyperlocomotion and prepulse inhibition deficit in the dizocilpine model were resistant to antipsychotic treatment, unlike the amphetamine model. One of the experimental compounds, K1700, ameliorated all the observed schizophrenia-like behaviors in the amphetamine model with an efficacy comparable to or greater than aripiprazole. Whereas social impairments caused by dizocilpine were strongly suppressed by aripiprazole, K1700 was less efficient. Taken together, K1700 showed antipsychotic properties comparable to those of aripiprazole, although the efficacy of the two drugs differed in specific domains of behavior and was also model-dependent. Our present results highlight the differences in these two schizophrenia models and their responsiveness to pharmacotherapy, and confirm compound K1700 as a promising drug candidate.
- MeSH
- amfetamin MeSH
- antipsychotika * terapeutické užití MeSH
- aripiprazol MeSH
- chinolony * MeSH
- dizocilpinmaleát MeSH
- dopamin metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- psychotické poruchy * farmakoterapie MeSH
- receptory serotoninové MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder without a fully understood pathomechanism, but which involves dysregulation of neurotransmitters and their receptors. The best option for the management of schizophrenia comprises so-called multi-target ligands, similar to the third generation of neuroleptics. Dopamine type 2 receptors (D2Rs) are the main target in the treatment of schizophrenia, in particular for mitigation of the positive symptoms. Due to the high expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptors (5-HT3Rs) in human brain areas responsible for emotional behavior, motivation, and cognitive function, 5-HT3Rs represent a potential target for modulating the cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Here we present the design, synthesis, and both in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation of 1,4-disubstituted aromatic piperazines. Screening of in vitro properties revealed the two most promising drug candidates (21 and 24) which were found to be potent D2Rs and moderate 5-HT3R antagonists, and which were forwarded to in vivo studies in Wistar rats. Considering toxicity, administration of the maximal feasible dose of 21 (2 mg/kg) did not produce any side effects. By contrast, the higher solubility of 24 led to revelation of mild and temporary side effects at the dose of 20 mg/kg. Importantly, both 21 and 24 showed facile crossing of the blood-brain barrier, even exerting higher levels in the brain in comparison to plasma. In a behavioral study using the acute amphetamine model of psychosis, we showed that compound 24 ameliorated both positive and negative effects of amphetamine including hyperlocomotion, social impairments, and disruption of prepulse inhibition. The effect of the highest dose (10 mg/kg) was comparable to the effect of the reference dose of aripiprazole (1 mg/kg).
In this pilot study, a series of new 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives as potential dopamine receptor D2 (D2R) modulators were synthesized and evaluated in vitro. The preliminary structure-activity relationship disclosed that compound 5e exhibited the highest D2R affinity among the newly synthesized compounds. In addition, 5e showed a very low cytotoxic profile and a high probability to cross the blood-brain barrier, which is important considering the observed affinity. However, molecular modelling simulation revealed completely different binding mode of 5e compared to USC-D301, which might be the culprit of the reduced affinity of 5e toward D2R in comparison with USC-D301.
- MeSH
- aripiprazol chemická syntéza farmakologie MeSH
- buněčná smrt MeSH
- centrální nervový systém účinky léků MeSH
- chinolony chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- CHO buňky MeSH
- Cricetulus MeSH
- hematoencefalická bariéra účinky léků patologie MeSH
- ligandy MeSH
- molekulární modely MeSH
- racionální návrh léčiv MeSH
- receptory dopaminu D2 chemie metabolismus MeSH
- vazebná místa MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptophan [5-HT]) is a biologically active amine expressed in platelets, in gastrointestinal (GI) cells and, to a lesser extent, in the central nervous system (CNS). This biogenic compound acts through the activation of seven 5-HT receptors (5-HT1-7 Rs). The 5-HT3 R is a ligand-gated ion channel belonging to the Cys-loop receptor family. There is a wide variety of 5-HT3 R modulators, but only receptor antagonists (known as setrons) have been used clinically for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and irritable bowel syndrome treatment. However, since the discovery of the setrons in the mid-1980s, a large number of studies have been published exploring new potential applications due their potency in the CNS and mild side effects. The results of these studies have revealed new potential applications, including the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and drug abuse. In this review, we provide information related to therapeutic potential of 5-HT3 R antagonists on GI and neuropsychiatric disorders. The major attention is paid to the structure, function, and pharmacology of novel 5-HT3 R modulators developed over the past 10 years.
N-Methyl-D-aspartátový (NMDA) receptor patří do skupiny glutamátových receptorů, které se dále dělí na ionotropní a metabotropní. V CNS má vliv na synaptickou plasticitu a rozvoj neuronálních synapsí. Ionotropní NMDA receptory jsou aktivovány glutamátem, díky čemuž proudí pozitivně nabité ionty skrz membránu po svém koncentračním gradientu. Nicméně nadměrné hladiny glutamátu působí excitotoxicky díky vysokým intracelulárním hladinám Ca2+ a mohou vést k buněčné smrti neuronů pozorované např. u neurodegenerativních onemocnění. Antagonisté NMDA receptorů, mezi které patří například dizocilpin, ovlivňují prostupnost NMDA receptoru a zamezují tak vstupu iontů Ca2+ do buňky. Dizocilpin působí jako nekompetitivní antagonista NMDA receptoru, má antikonvulzivní a anestetické účinky. Jeho terapeutické použití u lidí není vhodné z důvodu výskytu četných vedlejších účinků, experimentálně je však využíván jako farmakologicky indukovaný animální model schizofrenie.
N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor belongs to the group of glutamate receptors, which are further divided into ionotropic and metabotropic. It affects synaptic plasticity and the development of neuronal synapsis in CNS. Ionotropic NMDA receptors are activated by glutamate, thereby flowing positively charged ions through the membrane along its concentration gradient. However, glutamate overload leads to excitotoxicity, due to high levels of Ca2+, which leads to cell death assocciated with neurodegenerative diseases. NMDA antagonists like dizocilpine reduce intracellular concentration of Ca2+ by modulating permeability of NMDA receptor channel. Dizocilpine act as a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist with anticonvulsant and anesthetic properties. Its therapeutic use in humans is limited due its numerous side effects, but it is experimentally used as an animal model of schizophrenia.
- MeSH
- agonisté excitačních aminokyselin terapeutické užití MeSH
- antipsychotika terapeutické užití MeSH
- dizocilpinmaleát * terapeutické užití MeSH
- farmakologické jevy MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- modely u zvířat MeSH
- morčata MeSH
- N-methylaspartát terapeutické užití MeSH
- schizofrenie farmakoterapie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- morčata MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a multifactorial progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and gradual deterioration of intellectual capacity. Its etiology has not been elucidated yet. To date, only one therapeutic approach has been approved for the treatment of AD. The pharmacotherapy of AD has relied on noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist - memantine, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors (AChEIs) - tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine. Donepezil was able to ameliorate the symptoms related to AD mainly via AChE, but also through reduction of β-amyloid burden. This review presents the overview of donepezilrelated compounds as potential anti-AD drugs developed on the basis of cholinergic hypothesis to act as solely AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc farmakoterapie metabolismus MeSH
- butyrylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory chemie farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- donepezil chemie farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- neuroprotektivní látky chemie farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
